Frontend UI Engineering

Frontend UI Engineering

Overview

Build production-quality user interfaces that are accessible, performant, and visually polished. The goal is UI that looks like it was built by a design-aware engineer at a top company — not like it was generated by an AI. This means real design system adherence, proper accessibility, thoughtful interaction patterns, and no generic "AI aesthetic."

When to Use

• Building new UI components or pages
• Modifying existing user-facing interfaces
• Implementing responsive layouts
• Adding interactivity or state management
• Fixing visual or UX issues

Component Architecture

File Structure

Colocate everything related to a component:

src/​components/
  TaskList/
    TaskList.tsx          # Component implementation
    TaskList.test.tsx     # Tests
    TaskList.stories.tsx  # Storybook stories (if using)
    use-task-list.ts      # Custom hook (if complex state)
    types.ts              # Component-specific types (if needed)

Component Patterns

Prefer composition over configuration:

// Good: Composable
<Card>
  <CardHeader>
    <CardTitle>Tasks</​CardTitle>
  </​CardHeader>
  <CardBody>
    <TaskList tasks={tasks} />
  </​CardBody>
</​Card>

// Avoid: Over-configured
<Card
  title="Tasks"
  headerVariant="large"
  bodyPadding="md"
  content={<TaskList tasks={tasks} />}
/>

Keep components focused:

// Good: Does one thing
export function TaskItem({ task, onToggle, onDelete }: TaskItemProps) {
  return (
    <li className="flex items-center gap-3 p-3">
      <Checkbox checked={task.done} onChange={() => onToggle(task.id)} />
      <span className={task.done ? 'line-through text-muted' : ''}>{task.title}</​span>
      <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" onClick={() => onDelete(task.id)}>
        <TrashIcon />
      </​Button>
    </​li>
  );
}

Separate data fetching from presentation:

// Container: handles data
export function TaskListContainer() {
  const { tasks, isLoading, error } = useTasks();

  if (isLoading) return <TaskListSkeleton />;
  if (error) return <ErrorState message="Failed to load tasks" retry={refetch} />;
  if (tasks.length === 0) return <EmptyState message="No tasks yet" />;

  return <TaskList tasks={tasks} />;
}

// Presentation: handles rendering
export function TaskList({ tasks }: { tasks: Task[] }) {
  return (
    <ul role="list" className="divide-y">
      {tasks.map(task => <TaskItem key={task.id} task={task} />)}
    </​ul>
  );
}

State Management

Choose the simplest approach that works:

Local state (useState)           → Component-specific UI state
Lifted state                     → Shared between 2-3 sibling components
Context                          → Theme, auth, locale (read-heavy, write-rare)
URL state (searchParams)         → Filters, pagination, shareable UI state
Server state (React Query, SWR)  → Remote data with caching
Global store (Zustand, Redux)    → Complex client state shared app-wide

Avoid prop drilling deeper than 3 levels. If you're passing props through components that don't use them, introduce context or restructure the component tree.

Design System Adherence

Avoid the AI Aesthetic

AI-generated UI has recognizable patterns. Avoid all of them:

Spacing and Layout

Use a consistent spacing scale. Don't invent values:

/​* Use the scale: 0.25rem increments (or whatever the project uses) */
/​* Good */  padding: 1rem;      /​* 16px */
/​* Good */  gap: 0.75rem;       /​* 12px */
/​* Bad */   padding: 13px;      /​* Not on any scale */
/​* Bad */   margin-top: 2.3rem; /​* Not on any scale */

Typography

Respect the type hierarchy:

h1 → Page title (one per page)
h2 → Section title
h3 → Subsection title
body → Default text
small → Secondary/​helper text

Don't skip heading levels. Don't use heading styles for non-heading content.

Color

• Use semantic color tokens: text-primary, bg-surface, border-default — not raw hex values
• Ensure sufficient contrast (4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text)
• Don't rely solely on color to convey information (use icons, text, or patterns too)

Accessibility (WCAG 2.1 AA)

Every component must meet these standards:

Keyboard Navigation

// Every interactive element must be keyboard accessible
<button onClick={handleClick}>Click me</​button>        // ✓ Focusable by default
<div onClick={handleClick}>Click me</​div>               // ✗ Not focusable
<div role="button" tabIndex={0} onClick={handleClick}    // ✓ But prefer <button>
     onKeyDown={e => {
       if (e.key === 'Enter') handleClick();
       if (e.key === ' ') e.preventDefault();
     }}
     onKeyUp={e => {
       if (e.key === ' ') handleClick();
     }}>
  Click me
</​div>

ARIA Labels

// Label interactive elements that lack visible text
<button aria-label="Close dialog"><XIcon /></​button>

// Label form inputs
<label htmlFor="email">Email</​label>
<input id="email" type="email" />

// Or use aria-label when no visible label exists
<input aria-label="Search tasks" type="search" />

Focus Management

// Move focus when content changes
function Dialog({ isOpen, onClose }: DialogProps) {
  const closeRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (isOpen) closeRef.current?.focus();
  }, [isOpen]);

  // Trap focus inside dialog when open
  return (
    <dialog open={isOpen}>
      <button ref={closeRef} onClick={onClose}>Close</​button>
      {/​* dialog content */​}
    </​dialog>
  );
}

Meaningful Empty and Error States

// Don't show blank screens
function TaskList({ tasks }: { tasks: Task[] }) {
  if (tasks.length === 0) {
    return (
      <div role="status" className="text-center py-12">
        <TasksEmptyIcon className="mx-auto h-12 w-12 text-muted" />
        <h3 className="mt-2 text-sm font-medium">No tasks</​h3>
        <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted">Get started by creating a new task.</​p>
        <Button className="mt-4" onClick={onCreateTask}>Create Task</​Button>
      </​div>
    );
  }

  return <ul role="list">...</​ul>;
}

Responsive Design

Design for mobile first, then expand:

// Tailwind: mobile-first responsive
<div className="
  grid grid-cols-1      /​* Mobile: single column */
  sm:grid-cols-2        /​* Small: 2 columns */
  lg:grid-cols-3        /​* Large: 3 columns */
  gap-4
">

Test at these breakpoints: 320px, 768px, 1024px, 1440px.

Loading and Transitions

// Skeleton loading (not spinners for content)
function TaskListSkeleton() {
  return (
    <div className="space-y-3" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading tasks">
      {Array.from({ length: 3 }).map((_, i) => (
        <div key={i} className="h-12 bg-muted animate-pulse rounded" />
      ))}
    </​div>
  );
}

// Optimistic updates for perceived speed
function useToggleTask() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient();

  return useMutation({
    mutationFn: toggleTask,
    onMutate: async (taskId) => {
      await queryClient.cancelQueries({ queryKey: ['tasks'] });
      const previous = queryClient.getQueryData(['tasks']);

      queryClient.setQueryData(['tasks'], (old: Task[]) =>
        old.map(t => t.id === taskId ? { ...t, done: !t.done } : t)
      );

      return { previous };
    },
    onError: (_err, _taskId, context) => {
      queryClient.setQueryData(['tasks'], context?.previous);
    },
  });
}

See Also

For detailed accessibility requirements and testing tools, see references/​accessibility-checklist.md.

Common Rationalizations

Red Flags

• Components with more than 200 lines (split them)
• Inline styles or arbitrary pixel values
• Missing error states, loading states, or empty states
• No keyboard navigation testing
• Color as the sole indicator of state (red/​green without text or icons)
• Generic "AI look" (purple gradients, oversized cards, stock layouts)

Verification

After building UI:

• Component renders without console errors
• All interactive elements are keyboard accessible (Tab through the page)
• Screen reader can convey the page's content and structure
• Responsive: works at 320px, 768px, 1024px, 1440px
• Loading, error, and empty states all handled
• Follows the project's design system (spacing, colors, typography)
• No accessibility warnings in dev tools or axe-core