Long-Read SV Pipeline

Long-Read SV Pipeline

Complete workflow for detecting structural variants from ONT or PacBio long-read data.

Workflow Overview

Long reads (ONT/​PacBio)
    |
    v
[1. QC] ----------------> NanoPlot
    |
    v
[2. Alignment] ---------> minimap2
    |
    v
[3. SV Calling] --------> Sniffles / cuteSV
    |
    v
[4. Filtering] ---------> bcftools
    |
    v
[5. Annotation] --------> AnnotSV (optional)
    |
    v
Filtered SV VCF

Primary Path: minimap2 + Sniffles

Step 1: Quality Control

# ONT reads QC
NanoPlot --fastq reads.fastq.gz \
    --outdir nanoplot_output \
    --threads 8

# Check key metrics
# - Read N50 should be >10kb
# - Mean quality >Q10
# - Total bases sufficient for coverage

Step 2: Alignment with minimap2

# ONT reads
minimap2 -ax map-ont \
    -t 16 \
    --MD \
    -Y \
    reference.fa \
    reads.fastq.gz | \
    samtools sort -@ 4 -o aligned.bam

samtools index aligned.bam

# PacBio HiFi
minimap2 -ax map-hifi \
    -t 16 \
    --MD \
    -Y \
    reference.fa \
    reads.fastq.gz | \
    samtools sort -@ 4 -o aligned.bam

# PacBio CLR
minimap2 -ax map-pb \
    -t 16 \
    --MD \
    -Y \
    reference.fa \
    reads.fastq.gz | \
    samtools sort -@ 4 -o aligned.bam

QC Checkpoint: Check alignment stats

samtools flagstat aligned.bam
samtools depth -a aligned.bam | awk '{sum+=$3} END {print "Average coverage:",sum/​NR}'

• Mapping rate >90%
• Average coverage >10x for SV calling (>20x preferred)

Step 3: SV Calling with Sniffles

# Sniffles2 (recommended)
sniffles \
    --input aligned.bam \
    --vcf svs.vcf.gz \
    --reference reference.fa \
    --threads 8 \
    --minsvlen 50

# With tandem repeat annotations (recommended)
sniffles \
    --input aligned.bam \
    --vcf svs.vcf.gz \
    --reference reference.fa \
    --tandem-repeats tandem_repeats.bed \
    --threads 8

Alternative: cuteSV

# cuteSV (faster, good for ONT)
cuteSV \
    aligned.bam \
    reference.fa \
    svs.vcf \
    work_dir/ \
    --threads 8 \
    --min_size 50 \
    --genotype

bgzip svs.vcf
tabix svs.vcf.gz

Step 4: Filtering

# Filter by quality and size
bcftools view -i 'QUAL>=20 && ABS(SVLEN)>=50' svs.vcf.gz -Oz -o svs.filtered.vcf.gz

# Filter by SV type
bcftools view -i 'SVTYPE="DEL" || SVTYPE="INS"' svs.filtered.vcf.gz -Oz -o del_ins.vcf.gz

# Filter by genotype
bcftools view -i 'GT="1/​1" || GT="0/​1"' svs.filtered.vcf.gz -Oz -o genotyped.vcf.gz

# Stats
bcftools stats svs.filtered.vcf.gz > sv_stats.txt

Step 5: Annotation (Optional)

# AnnotSV for gene/​clinical annotations
AnnotSV -SVinputFile svs.filtered.vcf.gz \
    -outputFile annotated_svs \
    -genomeBuild GRCh38

Multi-Sample SV Calling

# Call SVs per sample
for sample in sample1 sample2 sample3; do
    sniffles --input ${sample}.bam \
        --snf ${sample}.snf \
        --reference reference.fa
done

# Merge and joint genotype
sniffles --input sample1.snf sample2.snf sample3.snf \
    --vcf merged_svs.vcf.gz \
    --reference reference.fa

Parameter Recommendations

SV Types Detected

Troubleshooting

Complete Pipeline Script

#!/​bin/​bash
set -e

THREADS=16
READS="reads.fastq.gz"
REF="reference.fa"
SAMPLE="sample1"
OUTDIR="sv_results"

mkdir -p ${OUTDIR}/​{qc,aligned,sv}

# Step 1: QC
echo "=== QC ==="
NanoPlot --fastq ${READS} --outdir ${OUTDIR}/​qc -t ${THREADS}

# Step 2: Alignment
echo "=== Alignment ==="
minimap2 -ax map-ont -t ${THREADS} --MD -Y ${REF} ${READS} | \
    samtools sort -@ 4 -o ${OUTDIR}/​aligned/​${SAMPLE}.bam
samtools index ${OUTDIR}/​aligned/​${SAMPLE}.bam

echo "Alignment stats:"
samtools flagstat ${OUTDIR}/​aligned/​${SAMPLE}.bam

# Step 3: SV calling
echo "=== SV Calling ==="
sniffles --input ${OUTDIR}/​aligned/​${SAMPLE}.bam \
    --vcf ${OUTDIR}/​sv/​${SAMPLE}.vcf.gz \
    --reference ${REF} \
    --threads ${THREADS}

# Step 4: Filter
echo "=== Filtering ==="
bcftools view -i 'QUAL>=20' ${OUTDIR}/​sv/​${SAMPLE}.vcf.gz \
    -Oz -o ${OUTDIR}/​sv/​${SAMPLE}.filtered.vcf.gz
bcftools index ${OUTDIR}/​sv/​${SAMPLE}.filtered.vcf.gz

# Stats
bcftools stats ${OUTDIR}/​sv/​${SAMPLE}.filtered.vcf.gz > ${OUTDIR}/​sv/​stats.txt

echo "=== Complete ==="
echo "SVs: $(bcftools view -H ${OUTDIR}/​sv/​${SAMPLE}.filtered.vcf.gz | wc -l)"

Related Skills

• long-read-sequencing/​long-read-alignment - minimap2 details
• long-read-sequencing/​structural-variants - Sniffles, cuteSV options
• long-read-sequencing/​long-read-qc - NanoPlot metrics
• variant-calling/​structural-variant-calling - Short-read SV methods