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Web Domain

domain-web

Use when building web services. Keywords: web server, HTTP, REST API, GraphQL, WebSocket, axum, actix, warp, rocket, tower, hyper, reqwest, middleware, router, handler, extractor, state management, authentication, authorization, JWT, session, cookie, CORS, rate limiting, web 开发, HTTP 服务, API 设计, ...

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Web Domain

Layer 3: Domain Constraints

Domain Constraints → Design Implications

Domain RuleDesign ConstraintRust Implication
Stateless HTTPNo request-local globalsState in extractors
ConcurrencyHandle many connectionsAsync, Send + Sync
Latency SLAFast responseEfficient ownership
SecurityInput validationType-safe extractors
ObservabilityRequest tracingtracing + tower layers

Critical Constraints

Async by Default

RULE: Web handlers must not block
WHY: Block one task = block many requests
RUST: async/​await, spawn_blocking for CPU work

State Management

RULE: Shared state must be thread-safe
WHY: Handlers run on any thread
RUST: Arc<T>, Arc<RwLock<T>> for mutable

Request Lifecycle

RULE: Resources live only for request duration
WHY: Memory management, no leaks
RUST: Extractors, proper ownership

Trace Down ↓

From constraints to design (Layer 2):

"Need shared application state"
    ↓ m07-concurrency: Use Arc for thread-safe sharing
    ↓ m02-resource: Arc<RwLock<T>> for mutable state

"Need request validation"
    ↓ m05-type-driven: Validated extractors
    ↓ m06-error-handling: IntoResponse for errors

"Need middleware stack"
    ↓ m12-lifecycle: Tower layers
    ↓ m04-zero-cost: Trait-based composition

Framework Comparison

FrameworkStyleBest For
axumFunctional, towerModern APIs
actix-webActor-basedHigh performance
warpFilter compositionComposable APIs
rocketMacro-drivenRapid development

Key Crates

PurposeCrate
HTTP serveraxum, actix-web
HTTP clientreqwest
JSONserde_json
Auth/​JWTjsonwebtoken
Sessiontower-sessions
Databasesqlx, diesel
Middlewaretower

Design Patterns

PatternPurposeImplementation
ExtractorsRequest parsingState(db), Json(payload)
Error responseUnified errorsimpl IntoResponse
MiddlewareCross-cuttingTower layers
Shared stateApp configArc<AppState>

Code Pattern: Axum Handler

async fn handler(
    State(db): State<Arc<DbPool>>,
    Json(payload): Json<CreateUser>,
) -> Result<Json<User>, AppError> {
    let user = db.create_user(&payload).await?;
    Ok(Json(user))
}

// Error handling
impl IntoResponse for AppError {
    fn into_response(self) -> Response {
        let (status, message) = match self {
            Self::NotFound => (StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, "Not found"),
            Self::Internal(_) => (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Internal error"),
        };
        (status, Json(json!({"error": message}))).into_response()
    }
}

Common Mistakes

MistakeDomain ViolationFix
Blocking in handlerLatency spikespawn_blocking
Rc in stateNot Send + SyncUse Arc
No validationSecurity riskType-safe extractors
No error responseBad UXIntoResponse impl

Trace to Layer 1

ConstraintLayer 2 PatternLayer 1 Implementation
Async handlersAsync/​awaittokio runtime
Thread-safe stateShared stateArc<T>, Arc<RwLock<T>>
Request lifecycleExtractorsOwnership via From<Request>
MiddlewareTower layersTrait-based composition

Related Skills

WhenSee
Async patternsm07-concurrency
State managementm02-resource
Error handlingm06-error-handling
Middleware designm12-lifecycle

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