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Off-by-One Detection

detecting-off-by-one

Detects off-by-one errors by identifying incorrect loop conditions, array indexing mistakes, and boundary condition problems. Use when analyzing loops, array access, or investigating fencepost errors.

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Full skill instructions

Off-by-One Detection

Detection Workflow

  1. Identify array operations: Find all array accesses, loop iterations, buffer allocations, string operations
  2. Analyze boundary conditions: Check loop termination conditions, array index ranges, buffer size calculations
  3. Check edge cases: Test boundary conditions, verify fencepost cases, assess null terminator handling
  4. Assess impact: Can off-by-one cause overflow/​underflow? What's the security impact?

Key Patterns

  • Loop bound errors: using <= instead of <, or < instead of <=
  • Array index errors: accessing array[size] instead of array[size-1]
  • String handling errors: missing null terminator, incorrect buffer size
  • Allocation errors: allocating size instead of size+1

Output Format

Report with: id, type, subtype, severity, confidence, location, vulnerability, loop condition, array access, array size, error type, exploitability, attack scenario, impact, mitigation.

Severity Guidelines

  • HIGH: Off-by-one causing buffer overflow
  • MEDIUM: Off-by-one causing information disclosure
  • LOW: Off-by-one with minor impact

See Also

  • patterns.md - Detailed detection patterns and exploitation scenarios
  • examples.md - Example analysis cases and code samples
  • references.md - CWE references and mitigation strategies

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