Convert Objective-C to Swift

Convert Objective-C to Swift

Convert Objective-C code to idiomatic Swift. This skill extends meta-convert-dev with Objective-C-to-Swift specific type mappings, idiom translations, interoperability patterns, and tooling for gradual migration.

This Skill Extends

• meta-convert-dev - Foundational conversion patterns (APTV workflow, testing strategies)

For general concepts like the Analyze → Plan → Transform → Validate workflow, testing strategies, and common pitfalls, see the meta-skill first.

This Skill Adds

• Type mappings: Objective-C types → Swift types
• Idiom translations: Objective-C patterns → idiomatic Swift
• Error handling: NSError pattern → Swift throws/​Result
• Memory management: Manual/​ARC → Swift ARC with value semantics
• FFI/​Interop: Bridging headers, @objc attributes, gradual migration strategies

This Skill Does NOT Cover

• General conversion methodology - see meta-convert-dev
• Objective-C language fundamentals - see lang-objc-dev
• Swift language fundamentals - see lang-swift-dev
• Reverse conversion (Swift → Objective-C) - see convert-swift-objc
• SwiftUI → UIKit migration - see platform-specific skills

---

Quick Reference

When Converting Code

1. Analyze source thoroughly - Understand memory management, protocols, categories
2. Map types first - Create comprehensive type equivalence table
3. Preserve semantics - Match behavior, not just syntax
4. Adopt Swift idioms - Don't write "Objective-C code in Swift syntax"
5. Handle edge cases - nil messaging, NSNull, dynamic typing
6. Leverage type safety - Replace id with specific types or generics
7. Test equivalence - Same inputs → same outputs

---

Type System Mapping

Primitive Types

Foundation Types

Nullability and Optionals

Blocks and Closures

Collection Types

Composite Types

---

Idiom Translation

Pattern 1: Property Declaration and Access

Objective-C:

@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *name;
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger age;
@property (nonatomic, weak) id<PersonDelegate> delegate;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *bio;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) NSString *identifier;
@end

@implementation Person
@end

// Usage
Person *person = [[Person alloc] init];
person.name = @"Alice";
NSInteger age = person.age;

Swift:

class Person {
    var name: String
    var age: Int
    weak var delegate: (any PersonDelegate)?
    var bio: String  // Swift strings already have value semantics
    let identifier: String  // readonly → let

    init(name: String = "", age: Int = 0, identifier: String) {
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.identifier = identifier
        self.bio = ""
    }
}

// Usage
let person = Person(identifier: UUID().uuidString)
person.name = "Alice"
let age = person.age

Why this translation:

• Swift properties don't need @property declaration
• Memory semantics: strong is default, weak explicit, copy unnecessary for value types
• Initialization required for all non-optional stored properties
• let for immutable, var for mutable

Pattern 2: Method Declaration and Invocation

Objective-C:

@interface Calculator : NSObject
- (NSInteger)add:(NSInteger)a to:(NSInteger)b;
+ (instancetype)sharedCalculator;
- (void)performCalculation:(NSInteger)input
                completion:(void (^)(NSInteger result, NSError *error))completion;
@end

@implementation Calculator
- (NSInteger)add:(NSInteger)a to:(NSInteger)b {
    return a + b;
}

+ (instancetype)sharedCalculator {
    static Calculator *shared = nil;
    static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
    dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
        shared = [[self alloc] init];
    });
    return shared;
}
@end

// Usage
Calculator *calc = [Calculator sharedCalculator];
NSInteger result = [calc add:5 to:10];

Swift:

class Calculator {
    func add(_ a: Int, to b: Int) -> Int {
        return a + b
    }

    static let shared = Calculator()

    func performCalculation(
        _ input: Int,
        completion: @escaping (Result<Int, Error>) -> Void
    ) {
        // Implementation
    }
}

// Usage
let calc = Calculator.shared
let result = calc.add(5, to: 10)

Why this translation:

• Swift methods use parameter labels naturally
• Singleton: static let is thread-safe and simpler than dispatch_once
• Completion handlers: prefer Result<T, E> over separate parameters
• @escaping must be explicit for closures that outlive function scope

Pattern 3: Nullability and Optional Handling

Objective-C:

- (nullable NSString *)findUserName:(NSString *)userId {
    User *user = [self.users objectForKey:userId];
    return user ? user.name : nil;
}

// Usage
NSString *name = [self findUserName:@"123"];
if (name) {
    NSLog(@"Name: %@", name);
} else {
    NSLog(@"User not found");
}

// Nil messaging (safe)
NSString *upper = [name uppercaseString];  // Returns nil if name is nil

Swift:

func findUserName(_ userId: String) -> String? {
    guard let user = users[userId] else {
        return nil
    }
    return user.name
}

// Usage
if let name = findUserName("123") {
    print("Name: \(name)")
} else {
    print("User not found")
}

// Optional chaining
let upper = name?.uppercased()  // nil if name is nil

// Nil coalescing
let displayName = findUserName("123") ?? "Unknown"

Why this translation:

• Swift optionals are explicit and type-safe
• if let / guard let for safe unwrapping
• Optional chaining (?.) replaces Objective-C nil messaging
• Nil coalescing (??) provides defaults
• Force unwrap (!) should be rare and justified

Pattern 4: Protocols and Delegation

Objective-C:

@protocol DataSourceDelegate <NSObject>
@required
- (NSInteger)numberOfItems;
@optional
- (void)didSelectItemAtIndex:(NSInteger)index;
@end

@interface DataSource : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, weak) id<DataSourceDelegate> delegate;
@end

@implementation DataSource
- (void)loadData {
    if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(numberOfItems)]) {
        NSInteger count = [self.delegate numberOfItems];
    }

    if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(didSelectItemAtIndex:)]) {
        [self.delegate didSelectItemAtIndex:0];
    }
}
@end

Swift:

protocol DataSourceDelegate: AnyObject {
    func numberOfItems() -> Int
    func didSelectItem(at index: Int)  // Optional methods not directly supported
}

// For optional protocol methods, use separate protocols or default implementations
extension DataSourceDelegate {
    func didSelectItem(at index: Int) {
        // Default implementation (makes it optional)
    }
}

class DataSource {
    weak var delegate: (any DataSourceDelegate)?

    func loadData() {
        guard let delegate = delegate else { return }

        let count = delegate.numberOfItems()
        delegate.didSelectItem(at: 0)  // Safe to call due to default implementation
    }
}

Why this translation:

• Swift protocols require AnyObject for class-only protocols (enables weak references)
• No @required/@optional - use protocol extensions for default implementations
• No runtime checks needed with type-safe protocols
• any Protocol for existential types (heterogeneous collections)

Pattern 5: Enumerations

Objective-C:

typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, HTTPStatus) {
    HTTPStatusOK = 200,
    HTTPStatusNotFound = 404,
    HTTPStatusServerError = 500
};

typedef NS_OPTIONS(NSUInteger, FilePermissions) {
    FilePermissionsRead    = 1 << 0,
    FilePermissionsWrite   = 1 << 1,
    FilePermissionsExecute = 1 << 2
};

// Usage
HTTPStatus status = HTTPStatusOK;
FilePermissions perms = FilePermissionsRead | FilePermissionsWrite;

Swift:

enum HTTPStatus: Int {
    case ok = 200
    case notFound = 404
    case serverError = 500
}

struct FilePermissions: OptionSet {
    let rawValue: UInt

    static let read    = FilePermissions(rawValue: 1 << 0)
    static let write   = FilePermissions(rawValue: 1 << 1)
    static let execute = FilePermissions(rawValue: 1 << 2)
}

// Usage
let status = HTTPStatus.ok
let perms: FilePermissions = [.read, .write]

// Pattern matching
switch status {
case .ok:
    print("Success")
case .notFound:
    print("Not found")
case .serverError:
    print("Server error")
}

Why this translation:

• NS_ENUM → Swift enum with raw value
• NS_OPTIONS → OptionSet struct for bitwise options
• Swift enums are type-safe with pattern matching
• Array literal syntax for option sets

Pattern 6: Error Handling

Objective-C:

- (BOOL)loadDataFromFile:(NSString *)path error:(NSError **)error {
    NSData *data = [NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:path options:0 error:error];
    if (!data) {
        return NO;
    }
    // Process data
    return YES;
}

// Creating custom errors
- (BOOL)validateUser:(User *)user error:(NSError **)error {
    if (user.name.length == 0) {
        if (error) {
            *error = [NSError errorWithDomain:@"com.example.validation"
                                         code:100
                                     userInfo:@{
                                         NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: @"Name is required"
                                     }];
        }
        return NO;
    }
    return YES;
}

// Usage
NSError *error = nil;
BOOL success = [self loadDataFromFile:@"data.txt" error:&error];
if (!success) {
    NSLog(@"Error: %@", error.localizedDescription);
}

Swift:

enum ValidationError: Error {
    case nameRequired
    case invalidFormat(String)
}

func loadData(from path: String) throws -> Data {
    return try Data(contentsOfFile: path)
}

func validateUser(_ user: User) throws {
    guard !user.name.isEmpty else {
        throw ValidationError.nameRequired
    }
}

// Usage with do-catch
do {
    let data = try loadData(from: "data.txt")
    // Process data
} catch {
    print("Error: \(error.localizedDescription)")
}

// Usage with try?
if let data = try? loadData(from: "data.txt") {
    // Process data
}

// Usage with Result
func loadDataResult(from path: String) -> Result<Data, Error> {
    Result { try Data(contentsOfFile: path) }
}

Why this translation:

• Swift uses exceptions (throws) instead of error pointers
• Custom error types conform to Error protocol (usually enums)
• do-catch for error handling
• try? for optional conversion
• Result<T, E> for explicit error values
• More type-safe and composable than NSError pattern

Pattern 7: Categories → Extensions

Objective-C:

// NSString+Validation.h
@interface NSString (Validation)
- (BOOL)isValidEmail;
@end

// NSString+Validation.m
@implementation NSString (Validation)
- (BOOL)isValidEmail {
    NSString *pattern = @"[A-Z0-9a-z._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\\.[A-Za-z]{2,}";
    NSPredicate *predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"SELF MATCHES %@", pattern];
    return [predicate evaluateWithObject:self];
}
@end

// Usage
NSString *email = @"[email protected]";
if ([email isValidEmail]) {
    NSLog(@"Valid email");
}

Swift:

extension String {
    var isValidEmail: Bool {
        let pattern = "[A-Z0-9a-z._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\\.[A-Za-z]{2,}"
        let predicate = NSPredicate(format: "SELF MATCHES %@", pattern)
        return predicate.evaluate(with: self)
    }
}

// Usage
let email = "[email protected]"
if email.isValidEmail {
    print("Valid email")
}

Why this translation:

• Categories directly map to Swift extensions
• Prefer computed properties over methods when no parameters
• Extensions can add stored properties via associated objects (advanced)
• Swift extensions more powerful (can conform to protocols, add constraints)

Pattern 8: Blocks → Closures

Objective-C:

typedef void (^CompletionBlock)(NSData *data, NSError *error);

@interface NetworkManager : NSObject
- (void)fetchDataWithCompletion:(CompletionBlock)completion;
@end

@implementation NetworkManager
- (void)fetchDataWithCompletion:(CompletionBlock)completion {
    dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
        NSData *data = [self loadData];
        dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
            if (completion) {
                completion(data, nil);
            }
        });
    });
}

// Avoiding retain cycles
- (void)setupCompletion {
    __weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self;
    self.completion = ^{
        __strong typeof(weakSelf) strongSelf = weakSelf;
        if (strongSelf) {
            [strongSelf doSomething];
        }
    };
}
@end

Swift:

typealias CompletionBlock = (Result<Data, Error>) -> Void

class NetworkManager {
    func fetchData(completion: @escaping CompletionBlock) {
        DispatchQueue.global().async {
            let data = self.loadData()
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                completion(.success(data))
            }
        }
    }

    // Modern async/​await (preferred)
    func fetchData() async throws -> Data {
        return try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
            fetchData { result in
                continuation.resume(with: result)
            }
        }
    }

    // Avoiding retain cycles
    var completion: (() -> Void)?

    func setupCompletion() {
        completion = { [weak self] in
            guard let self = self else { return }
            self.doSomething()
        }
    }
}

Why this translation:

• Closure types more concise than block types
• @escaping required for stored closures
• Prefer Result<T, E> over separate data/​error parameters
• Swift async/​await preferred over callbacks
• [weak self] / guard let self pattern cleaner than weak-strong dance

---

FFI & Interoperability (10th Pillar)

Objective-C to Swift interoperability is exceptional, enabling gradual migration - the primary migration strategy for large codebases. You can mix Objective-C and Swift in the same project, calling code bidirectionally.

Why FFI/​Interop Matters for This Conversion

Unlike most language conversions, Objective-C → Swift supports:

1. Incremental migration: Convert one class at a time while maintaining a working app
2. Bidirectional calling: Swift can call Objective-C, Objective-C can call Swift
3. Shared types: Foundation types bridge automatically
4. Same runtime: Both use the Objective-C runtime on Apple platforms

Gradual Migration Strategy

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│              OBJECTIVE-C → SWIFT MIGRATION                   │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Phase 1: SETUP                                              │
│  • Enable "Use Swift" in Xcode project                       │
│  • Create bridging header (auto-generated)                   │
│  • Import essential Objective-C headers                      │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Phase 2: IDENTIFY                                           │
│  • Start with leaf classes (fewest dependencies)             │
│  • Identify pure data models (easy to convert)               │
│  • Map protocols and categories                              │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Phase 3: CONVERT                                            │
│  • Convert one class at a time                               │
│  • Add @objc attribute to maintain Objective-C visibility    │
│  • Test after each conversion                                │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Phase 4: MODERNIZE                                          │
│  • Remove @objc where not needed                             │
│  • Adopt Swift-only features (optionals, value types)        │
│  • Refactor to protocol-oriented design                      │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Phase 5: COMPLETE                                           │
│  • Remove bridging header when all Objective-C gone          │
│  • Pure Swift codebase                                       │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Bridging Header

When you add the first Swift file to an Objective-C project, Xcode creates a bridging header.

ProjectName-Bridging-Header.h:

// Import Objective-C headers to expose them to Swift
#import "MyObjectiveCClass.h"
#import "DataModel.h"
#import "NetworkManager.h"

// Framework imports
#import <SomeFramework/​SomeFramework.h>

Rules:

• Import Objective-C headers here to use them in Swift
• No need to import in individual Swift files
• Only for app targets (frameworks use module maps)

Using Objective-C from Swift

Objective-C class:

// Person.h
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *name;
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger age;
- (void)greet;
@end

// Person.m
@implementation Person
- (void)greet {
    NSLog(@"Hello, I'm %@", self.name);
}
@end

Import in bridging header:

// ProjectName-Bridging-Header.h
#import "Person.h"

Use from Swift:

// No import needed - bridging header makes it available
let person = Person()
person.name = "Alice"
person.age = 30
person.greet()

Using Swift from Objective-C

Swift class with @objc:

// User.swift
@objc class User: NSObject {
    @objc var username: String
    @objc var email: String

    @objc init(username: String, email: String) {
        self.username = username
        self.email = email
        super.init()
    }

    @objc func validate() -> Bool {
        return !username.isEmpty && !email.isEmpty
    }
}

Use from Objective-C:

// Import generated header
#import "ProjectName-Swift.h"

// Use Swift class
User *user = [[User alloc] initWithUsername:@"alice" email:@"[email protected]"];
BOOL isValid = [user validate];

Key points:

• @objc attribute exposes Swift declarations to Objective-C
• Swift class must inherit from NSObject (or @objc class)
• Xcode auto-generates ProjectName-Swift.h header
• Not all Swift features available in Objective-C (generics, protocols with associated types, etc.)

@objc Attributes

Type Bridging

Foundation types bridge automatically between Objective-C and Swift:

Bridging is free - no performance cost for toll-free bridging.

Protocol Bridging

Objective-C protocol:

@protocol Drawable <NSObject>
- (void)draw;
@optional
- (void)setColor:(UIColor *)color;
@end

Use from Swift:

// Conforms to Objective-C protocol
class Circle: NSObject, Drawable {
    func draw() {
        print("Drawing circle")
    }

    func setColor(_ color: UIColor) {
        // Optional method
    }
}

Swift protocol exposed to Objective-C:

@objc protocol Vehicle {
    @objc var speed: Double { get }
    @objc func accelerate()
    @objc optional func honk()  // Optional methods need @objc protocol
}

Common Interop Patterns

Pattern: Mixed Inheritance

Objective-C base class:

@interface Animal : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *name;
- (void)makeSound;
@end

Swift subclass:

class Dog: Animal {
    var breed: String = ""

    override func makeSound() {
        print("\(name ?? "") barks!")
    }

    func wagTail() {
        print("Wagging tail")
    }
}

Pattern: Category on Swift Class

You can add Objective-C categories to Swift classes:

Swift class:

@objc class Calculator: NSObject {
    @objc func add(_ a: Int, to b: Int) -> Int {
        return a + b
    }
}

Objective-C category:

@interface Calculator (Advanced)
- (NSInteger)multiply:(NSInteger)a by:(NSInteger)b;
@end

@implementation Calculator (Advanced)
- (NSInteger)multiply:(NSInteger)a by:(NSInteger)b {
    return a * b;
}
@end

Pattern: Selector and Dynamic Dispatch

Objective-C dynamic behavior:

SEL selector = @selector(greet);
if ([person respondsToSelector:selector]) {
    [person performSelector:selector];
}

Swift equivalent:

// Using @objc and Selector
@objc class Person: NSObject {
    @objc func greet() {
        print("Hello")
    }
}

let selector = #selector(Person.greet)
if person.responds(to: selector) {
    person.perform(selector)
}

// Modern Swift: prefer protocols and type safety
protocol Greeter {
    func greet()
}

if let greeter = person as? Greeter {
    greeter.greet()
}

Interop Limitations

Swift features NOT available in Objective-C:

Example: Type-erased wrapper for generic protocol:

// Swift generic protocol (not @objc compatible)
protocol Container {
    associatedtype Element
    func add(_ element: Element)
}

// Type-erased wrapper for Objective-C
@objc class AnyContainer: NSObject {
    private let _add: (Any) -> Void

    init<C: Container>(_ container: C) {
        self._add = { element in
            if let typedElement = element as? C.Element {
                container.add(typedElement)
            }
        }
    }

    @objc func add(_ element: Any) {
        _add(element)
    }
}

Build Configuration

Mixed language targets:

1. Bridging header (Objective-C → Swift):

   • Build Settings → "Objective-C Bridging Header"
   • Path: ProjectName/​ProjectName-Bridging-Header.h

2. Generated interface (Swift → Objective-C):

   • Automatic: ProjectName-Swift.h
   • Import in Objective-C files

3. Module name (for Swift imports):

   • Build Settings → "Product Module Name"
   • Default: ProjectName

Testing Mixed Code

// XCTest works with both languages
class MixedTests: XCTestCase {
    func testObjectiveCClass() {
        let person = Person()  // Objective-C class
        person.name = "Alice"
        XCTAssertEqual(person.name, "Alice")
    }

    func testSwiftClass() {
        let user = User(username: "bob", email: "[email protected]")
        XCTAssertTrue(user.validate())
    }
}

From Objective-C tests:

@import XCTest;
#import "ProjectName-Swift.h"

@interface MixedTests : XCTestCase
@end

@implementation MixedTests
- (void)testSwiftClass {
    User *user = [[User alloc] initWithUsername:@"alice" email:@"[email protected]"];
    XCTAssertTrue([user validate]);
}
@end

---

Memory Management

Objective-C ARC → Swift ARC

Both languages use Automatic Reference Counting, but Swift adds value semantics.

Reference Cycles

Objective-C:

@interface Parent : NSObject
@property (strong) Child *child;
@end

@interface Child : NSObject
@property (weak) Parent *parent;  // Weak to break cycle
@end

// Block cycle
__weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self;
self.completion = ^{
    __strong typeof(weakSelf) strongSelf = weakSelf;
    if (strongSelf) {
        [strongSelf doWork];
    }
};

Swift:

class Parent {
    var child: Child?
}

class Child {
    weak var parent: Parent?  // Weak to break cycle
}

// Closure cycle
completion = { [weak self] in
    guard let self = self else { return }
    self.doWork()
}

// Unowned (when you know reference always exists)
completion = { [unowned self] in
    self.doWork()  // Crashes if self is deallocated
}

Value Semantics

Objective-C (reference types):

NSMutableArray *array1 = [NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:@"A", @"B", nil];
NSMutableArray *array2 = array1;  // Same object
[array2 addObject:@"C"];
// array1 also contains "C"

Swift (value types):

var array1 = ["A", "B"]
var array2 = array1  // Copy on write
array2.append("C")
// array1 still ["A", "B"], array2 is ["A", "B", "C"]

Why this matters:

• Swift structs, enums, and standard types (String, Array, Dictionary) are value types
• Copy-on-write optimization prevents unnecessary copying
• Reference types (classes) still work like Objective-C
• Prefer value types in Swift for simpler, safer code

---

Concurrency Patterns

GCD → DispatchQueue

Objective-C:

dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
    NSData *data = [self heavyComputation];

    dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
        [self updateUIWithData:data];
    });
});

Swift (GCD):

DispatchQueue.global().async {
    let data = self.heavyComputation()

    DispatchQueue.main.async {
        self.updateUI(with: data)
    }
}

Swift (modern async/​await):

Task {
    let data = await heavyComputation()
    await MainActor.run {
        updateUI(with: data)
    }
}

// Async function
func heavyComputation() async -> Data {
    // Computation
    return data
}

Completion Handlers → Async/​Await

Objective-C:

- (void)fetchUserWithId:(NSString *)userId
             completion:(void (^)(User *user, NSError *error))completion {
    [self.network GET:@"/​users" parameters:@{@"id": userId} success:^(id response) {
        User *user = [User fromJSON:response];
        completion(user, nil);
    } failure:^(NSError *error) {
        completion(nil, error);
    }];
}

Swift (callback style):

func fetchUser(
    id: String,
    completion: @escaping (Result<User, Error>) -> Void
) {
    network.get("/​users", parameters: ["id": id]) { result in
        switch result {
        case .success(let data):
            let user = User(from: data)
            completion(.success(user))
        case .failure(let error):
            completion(.failure(error))
        }
    }
}

Swift (async/​await - preferred):

func fetchUser(id: String) async throws -> User {
    let data = try await network.get("/​users", parameters: ["id": id])
    return User(from: data)
}

// Usage
Task {
    do {
        let user = try await fetchUser(id: "123")
        print("Got user: \(user.name)")
    } catch {
        print("Error: \(error)")
    }
}

Actors for Thread Safety

Objective-C (manual synchronization):

@interface BankAccount : NSObject
@property (atomic, assign) double balance;
@end

@implementation BankAccount
- (void)deposit:(double)amount {
    @synchronized(self) {
        self.balance += amount;
    }
}

- (BOOL)withdraw:(double)amount {
    @synchronized(self) {
        if (self.balance >= amount) {
            self.balance -= amount;
            return YES;
        }
        return NO;
    }
}
@end

Swift (actor - automatic synchronization):

actor BankAccount {
    private var balance: Double = 0

    func deposit(amount: Double) {
        balance += amount
    }

    func withdraw(amount: Double) -> Bool {
        guard balance >= amount else {
            return false
        }
        balance -= amount
        return true
    }
}

// Usage (automatically synchronized)
let account = BankAccount()
Task {
    await account.deposit(amount: 100)
    let success = await account.withdraw(amount: 50)
}

---

Common Pitfalls

1. Force Unwrapping Optionals

Problem: Crashes when value is nil

Objective-C:

// Nil messaging is safe
NSString *name = [user name];  // Returns nil if user is nil
NSString *upper = [name uppercaseString];  // Returns nil if name is nil

Swift (bad):

let name = user!.name  // Crashes if user is nil
let upper = name!.uppercased()  // Crashes if name is nil

Swift (good):

guard let user = user else { return }
let name = user.name
let upper = name?.uppercased() ?? ""

2. Forgetting @objc for Interop

Problem: Swift declarations not visible to Objective-C

// Bad: Not visible to Objective-C
class MyClass {
    func myMethod() { }
}

// Good: Visible to Objective-C
@objc class MyClass: NSObject {
    @objc func myMethod() { }
}

3. Using id Instead of Specific Types

Objective-C:

- (id)fetchData {
    return @{@"key": @"value"};
}

Swift (avoid):

func fetchData() -> Any {
    return ["key": "value"]
}

Swift (prefer):

func fetchData() -> [String: String] {
    return ["key": "value"]
}

4. Ignoring Mutability Semantics

Objective-C:

NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"A", nil];
NSMutableArray *mutable = (NSMutableArray *)array;  // Dangerous cast
[mutable addObject:@"B"];  // Runtime error

Swift:

let array = ["A"]  // Immutable
// var mutable = array as! [String]  // No such thing as "mutable cast"

var mutable = array  // Copy
mutable.append("B")  // Safe, modifies copy

5. Not Handling nil in Collections

Objective-C:

NSArray *items = @[@"A", [NSNull null], @"C"];
NSString *second = items[1];  // NSNull object
// [second uppercaseString];  // Crashes - NSNull doesn't respond

Swift:

// Use optionals
let items: [String?] = ["A", nil, "C"]
let second = items[1]  // Optional<String>
let upper = second?.uppercased()  // Safe

// Or filter nils
let nonNilItems = items.compactMap { $0 }

6. Misunderstanding Property Attributes

Objective-C:

@property (copy) NSMutableString *title;  // Bad: copy makes it immutable

Swift:

// String already has value semantics
var title: String  // No need for "copy"

// For reference types that should be copied
var items: [Item] {
    didSet {
        // Array automatically copies on mutation
    }
}

7. Selector Typos

Objective-C:

[person performSelector:@selector(gret)];  // Typo: should be "greet"
// Runtime crash: unrecognized selector

Swift:

// Type-safe selector
#selector(Person.greet)  // Compiler error if method doesn't exist

8. Bridging Overhead

Problem: Unnecessary bridging between types

Swift (inefficient):

let nsString: NSString = "Hello"
let swiftString = nsString as String  // Bridge
let upper = swiftString.uppercased()
let nsUpper = upper as NSString  // Bridge again

Swift (efficient):

let string = "Hello"  // Swift String
let upper = string.uppercased()
// Use NSString only when required by API

---

Tooling

---

Examples

Example 1: Simple - Data Model

Before (Objective-C):

// User.h
@interface User : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *username;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *email;
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger age;
- (instancetype)initWithUsername:(NSString *)username email:(NSString *)email age:(NSInteger)age;
@end

// User.m
@implementation User
- (instancetype)initWithUsername:(NSString *)username email:(NSString *)email age:(NSInteger)age {
    self = [super init];
    if (self) {
        _username = [username copy];
        _email = [email copy];
        _age = age;
    }
    return self;
}
@end

After (Swift):

struct User {
    let username: String
    let email: String
    let age: Int
}

// Auto-generated memberwise initializer:
// init(username: String, email: String, age: Int)

// Usage
let user = User(username: "alice", email: "[email protected]", age: 30)

Why this translation:

• Swift struct is simpler for pure data
• No need for manual init - memberwise initializer is free
• Value semantics (copy) is default for structs
• let for immutable properties

Example 2: Medium - Protocol and Delegation

Before (Objective-C):

// DataSource.h
@protocol DataSourceDelegate <NSObject>
@required
- (NSInteger)numberOfItems;
@optional
- (void)didSelectItemAtIndex:(NSInteger)index;
@end

@interface DataSource : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, weak) id<DataSourceDelegate> delegate;
- (void)loadData;
@end

// DataSource.m
@implementation DataSource
- (void)loadData {
    if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(numberOfItems)]) {
        NSInteger count = [self.delegate numberOfItems];
        NSLog(@"Loading %ld items", (long)count);
    }

    if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(didSelectItemAtIndex:)]) {
        [self.delegate didSelectItemAtIndex:0];
    }
}
@end

// ViewController.m
@interface ViewController () <DataSourceDelegate>
@end

@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    DataSource *dataSource = [[DataSource alloc] init];
    dataSource.delegate = self;
    [dataSource loadData];
}

- (NSInteger)numberOfItems {
    return 10;
}

- (void)didSelectItemAtIndex:(NSInteger)index {
    NSLog(@"Selected item at index %ld", (long)index);
}
@end

After (Swift):

protocol DataSourceDelegate: AnyObject {
    func numberOfItems() -> Int
    func didSelectItem(at index: Int)
}

// Default implementation makes method optional
extension DataSourceDelegate {
    func didSelectItem(at index: Int) {
        // Default: do nothing
    }
}

class DataSource {
    weak var delegate: (any DataSourceDelegate)?

    func loadData() {
        guard let delegate = delegate else { return }

        let count = delegate.numberOfItems()
        print("Loading \(count) items")

        delegate.didSelectItem(at: 0)
    }
}

class ViewController: UIViewController, DataSourceDelegate {
    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()
        let dataSource = DataSource()
        dataSource.delegate = self
        dataSource.loadData()
    }

    func numberOfItems() -> Int {
        return 10
    }

    func didSelectItem(at index: Int) {
        print("Selected item at index \(index)")
    }
}

Why this translation:

• Protocol extension provides default implementation (replaces @optional)
• No runtime checks needed - type system ensures conformance
• any DataSourceDelegate for existential type
• More expressive parameter labels

Example 3: Complex - Network Manager with Callbacks

Before (Objective-C):

// NetworkManager.h
typedef void (^NetworkCompletion)(id response, NSError *error);

@interface NetworkManager : NSObject
+ (instancetype)sharedManager;
- (void)GET:(NSString *)path
 parameters:(NSDictionary *)params
 completion:(NetworkCompletion)completion;
@end

// NetworkManager.m
@implementation NetworkManager

+ (instancetype)sharedManager {
    static NetworkManager *shared = nil;
    static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
    dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
        shared = [[self alloc] init];
    });
    return shared;
}

- (void)GET:(NSString *)path
 parameters:(NSDictionary *)params
 completion:(NetworkCompletion)completion {

    NSURL *url = [NSURL URLWithString:path];
    NSMutableURLRequest *request = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:url];

    NSURLSessionDataTask *task = [[NSURLSession sharedSession] dataTaskWithRequest:request
        completionHandler:^(NSData *data, NSURLResponse *response, NSError *error) {
            if (error) {
                dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
                    completion(nil, error);
                });
                return;
            }

            NSError *parseError = nil;
            id json = [NSJSONSerialization JSONObjectWithData:data options:0 error:&parseError];

            dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
                if (parseError) {
                    completion(nil, parseError);
                } else {
                    completion(json, nil);
                }
            });
        }];

    [task resume];
}

@end

// Usage
[[NetworkManager sharedManager] GET:@"https://api.example.com/​users"
                          parameters:@{@"page": @1}
                          completion:^(id response, NSError *error) {
    if (error) {
        NSLog(@"Error: %@", error.localizedDescription);
        return;
    }

    NSArray *users = response[@"users"];
    NSLog(@"Fetched %lu users", (unsigned long)users.count);
}];

After (Swift - callback style):

class NetworkManager {
    static let shared = NetworkManager()

    private init() {}

    func get(
        _ path: String,
        parameters: [String: Any] = [:],
        completion: @escaping (Result<Any, Error>) -> Void
    ) {
        guard let url = URL(string: path) else {
            completion(.failure(NetworkError.invalidURL))
            return
        }

        let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url) { data, response, error in
            if let error = error {
                DispatchQueue.main.async {
                    completion(.failure(error))
                }
                return
            }

            guard let data = data else {
                DispatchQueue.main.async {
                    completion(.failure(NetworkError.noData))
                }
                return
            }

            do {
                let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
                DispatchQueue.main.async {
                    completion(.success(json))
                }
            } catch {
                DispatchQueue.main.async {
                    completion(.failure(error))
                }
            }
        }

        task.resume()
    }
}

enum NetworkError: Error {
    case invalidURL
    case noData
}

// Usage (callback style)
NetworkManager.shared.get("https://api.example.com/​users", parameters: ["page": 1]) { result in
    switch result {
    case .success(let response):
        if let dict = response as? [String: Any],
           let users = dict["users"] as? [[String: Any]] {
            print("Fetched \(users.count) users")
        }
    case .failure(let error):
        print("Error: \(error.localizedDescription)")
    }
}

After (Swift - modern async/​await):

class NetworkManager {
    static let shared = NetworkManager()

    private init() {}

    func get(_ path: String, parameters: [String: Any] = [:]) async throws -> Any {
        guard let url = URL(string: path) else {
            throw NetworkError.invalidURL
        }

        let (data, _) = try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url)
        return try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
    }

    // Type-safe version with Codable
    func get<T: Decodable>(_ path: String, parameters: [String: Any] = [:]) async throws -> T {
        guard let url = URL(string: path) else {
            throw NetworkError.invalidURL
        }

        let (data, _) = try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url)
        return try JSONDecoder().decode(T.self, from: data)
    }
}

// Model
struct UsersResponse: Codable {
    let users: [User]
}

struct User: Codable {
    let id: Int
    let name: String
    let email: String
}

// Usage (async/​await)
Task {
    do {
        let response: UsersResponse = try await NetworkManager.shared.get(
            "https://api.example.com/​users",
            parameters: ["page": 1]
        )
        print("Fetched \(response.users.count) users")
    } catch {
        print("Error: \(error.localizedDescription)")
    }
}

Why this translation:

• Singleton: static let simpler than dispatch_once
• Result<T, E> more type-safe than separate parameters
• Modern Swift: async/​await preferred over callbacks
• Codable provides type-safe JSON parsing
• Error handling: throws instead of error parameters
• Generic version with Codable removes need for casting

---

See Also

For more examples and patterns, see:

• meta-convert-dev - Foundational patterns with cross-language examples
• lang-objc-dev - Objective-C development patterns
• lang-swift-dev - Swift development patterns

Cross-cutting pattern skills:

• patterns-concurrency-dev - GCD, async/​await, actors across languages
• patterns-serialization-dev - JSON, Codable, NSCoding across languages
• patterns-metaprogramming-dev - Runtime, reflection, property wrappers

Related conversion skills:

• convert-swift-objc - Reverse conversion (Swift → Objective-C)