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multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1-test
udrearobert999/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1-test
multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1-test is a text classification model from udrearobert999. Use it when you need a label for a piece of text. It is set up for setfit.
This is a SetFit model that can be used for Text Classification. This SetFit model uses sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1 as the Sentence Transformer embedding model. A SetFitHead instance is used for c…
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At a glance
- Task
- Text Classification
- Library
- setfit
- Model type
- mpnet
- Access
- Public
- Created
- May 2, 2024
- Updated
- May 2, 2024
- SHA
- e35d8451
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Model card
From the Hugging Face model README
SetFit with sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1
This is a SetFit model that can be used for Text Classification. This SetFit model uses sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1 as the Sentence Transformer embedding model. A SetFitHead instance is used for classification.
The model has been trained using an efficient few-shot learning technique that involves:
- Fine-tuning a Sentence Transformer with contrastive learning.
- Training a classification head with features from the fine-tuned Sentence Transformer.
Model Details
Model Description
- Model Type: SetFit
- Sentence Transformer body: sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1
- Classification head: a SetFitHead instance
- Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
- Number of Classes: 43 classes
Model Sources
- Repository: SetFit on GitHub
- Paper: Efficient Few-Shot Learning Without Prompts
- Blogpost: SetFit: Efficient Few-Shot Learning Without Prompts
Model Labels
| Label | Examples |
|---|---|
| 20 | <ul><li>'##les approach which combined geography history and the sociological approaches of the annee sociologique many members of which were their colleagues at strasbourg to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20thcentury historians as spearheaded by historians whom febvre called les sorbonnistes instead they pioneered an approach to a study of longterm historical structures la longue duree over events and political transformations geography material culture and what later annalistes called mentalites or the psychology of the epoch are also characteristic areas of study the goal of the annales was to undo the work of the sorbonnistes to turn french historians away from the narrowly political and diplomatic toward the new vistas in social and economic historycofounder marc bloch 1886 – 1944 was a quintessential modernist who studied at the elite ecole normale superieure and in germany serving as a professor at the university of strasbourg until he was called to the sorbonne in paris in 1936 as professor of economic history blochs interests were highly interdisciplinary influenced by the geography of paul vidal de la blache 1845 – 1918 and the sociology of emile durkheim 1858 – 1917 his own ideas especially those expressed in his masterworks french rural history les caracteres originaux de lhistoire rurale francaise 1931 and feudal society were incorporated by the secondgeneration annalistes led by fernand braudel georges duby a leader of the school wrote that the history he taught relegated the sensational to the sidelines and was reluctant to give a simple accounting of events but strove on the contrary to pose and solve problems and neglecting surface disturbances to observe the long and mediumterm evolution of economy society and civilisationthe annalistes especially lucien febvre advocated a histoire totale or histoire tout court a complete study of a historic problem bloch was shot by the gestapo during the german occupation of france in world war ii for his active membership of the french resistance and febvre carried on the annales approach in the 1940s and 1950s it was during this time that he mentored braudel who would become one of the bestknown exponents of this school braudels work came to define a second era of annales historiography and was very influential throughout the 1960s and 1970s especially for his work on the mediterranean region in the era of philip ii of spain braudel developed the idea often associated with annalistes of different modes of historical time lhistoire quasi immobile the quasi motionless history of historical'</li><li>'is important because the persuasiveness of a source usually depends upon its history primary sources may include cases constitutions statutes administrative regulations and other sources of binding legal authority while secondary legal sources may include books the headnotes of case reports articles and encyclopedias legal writers usually prefer to cite primary sources because only primary sources are authoritative and precedential while secondary sources are only persuasive at best family history a secondary source is a record or statement of an event or circumstance made by a noneyewitness or by someone not closely connected with the event or circumstances recorded or stated verbally either at or sometime after the event or by an eyewitness at a time after the event when the fallibility of memory is an important factor consequently according to this definition a firsthand account written long after the event when the fallibility of memory is an important factor is a secondary source even though it may be the first published description of that event autobiographies an autobiography can be a secondary source in history or the humanities when used for information about topics other than its subject for example many firsthand accounts of events in world war i written in the postwar years were influenced by the then prevailing perception of the war which was significantly different from contemporary opinion original research jules r benjamin a students guide to history 2013 isbn 9781457621444 edward h carr what is history basingstoke palgrave 2001 isbn 9780333977019 wood gray historians handbook a key to the study and writing of history prospect heights il waveland press 1991 ©1964 isbn 9780881336269 derek harland a basic course in genealogy volume two research procedure and evaluation of evidence bookcraft inc 1958 worldcat record richard holmes tommy harpercollins 2004 isbn 9780007137510 martha c howell and walter prevenier from reliable sources an introduction to historical methods 2001 isbn 9780801435737 richard a marius and melvin e page a short guide to writing about history 8th edition 2012 isbn 9780205118601 hayden white metahistory the historical imagination in nineteenthcentury europe baltimore johns hopkins university press 1973 isbn 9780801814693'</li><li>'have a meticulous approach to reconstructing the costumes or material culture of past eras but who are perceived to lack much understanding of the cultural values and historical contexts of the periods in question a college or society of antiquaries was founded in london in c 1586 to debate matters of antiquarian interest members included william camden sir robert cotton john stow william lambarde richard carew and others this body existed until 1604 when it fell under suspicion of being political in its aims and was abolished by king james i papers read at their meetings are preserved in cottons collections and were printed by thomas hearne in 1720 under the title a collection of curious discourses a second edition appearing in 1771 in 1707 a number of english antiquaries began to hold regular meetings for the discussion of their hobby and in 1717 the society of antiquaries was formally reconstituted finally receiving a charter from king george ii in 1751 in 1780 king george iii granted the society apartments in somerset house and in 1874 it moved into its present accommodation in burlington house piccadilly the society was governed by a council of twenty and a president who is ex officio a trustee of the british museum the society of antiquaries of scotland was founded in 1780 and had the management of a large national antiquarian museum in edinburgh the society of antiquaries of newcastle upon tyne the oldest provincial antiquarian society in england was founded in 1813 in ireland a society was founded in 1849 called the kilkenny archaeological society holding its meetings at kilkenny in 1869 its name was changed to the royal historical and archaeological association of ireland and in 1890 to the royal society of antiquaries of ireland its office being transferred to dublin in france the societe des antiquaires de france was formed in 1813 by the reconstruction of the academie celtique which had existed since 1804 the american antiquarian society was founded in 1812 with its headquarters at worcester massachusetts in modern times its library has grown to over 4 million items and as an institution it is internationally recognized as a repository and research library for early pre1876 american printed materials in denmark the kongelige nordiske oldskriftselskab also known as la societe royale des antiquaires du nord or the royal society of northern antiquaries was founded at copenhagen in 1825 in germany the gesamtverein der deutschen geschichts und altertumsvereine was founded in 1852in addition a number of local historical and archaeological societies have adopted the word antiquarian in their titles these have included the cambridge antiquarian society'</li></ul> |
| 42 | <ul><li>'been described as the worlds largest repository of covid19 sequences and by far the worlds largest database of sarscov2 sequences by midapril 2021 gisaids sarscov2 database reached over 1200000 submissions a testament to the hard work of researchers in over 170 different countries only three months later the number of uploaded sarscov2 sequences had doubled again to over 24 million by late 2021 the database contained over 5 million genome sequences as of december 2021 over 6 million sequences had been submitted by april 2022 there were 10 million sequences accumulated and in january 2023 the number had reached 144 millionin january 2020 the sarscov2 genetic sequence data was shared through gisaid throughout the first year of the covid19 pandemic most of the sarscov2 wholegenome sequences that were generated and shared globally were submitted through gisaid when the sarscov2 omicron variant was detected in south africa by quickly uploading the sequence to gisaid the national institute for communicable diseases there was able to learn that botswana and hong kong had also reported cases possessing the same gene sequencein march 2023 gisaid temporarily suspended database access for some scientists removing raw data relevant to investigations of the origins of sarscov2 gisaid stated that they do not delete records from their database but data may become temporarily invisible during updates or corrections availability of the data was restored with an additional restriction that any analysis based thereon would not be shared with the public the board of friends of gisaid consists of peter bogner and two german lawyers who are not involved in the daytoday operations of the organisation scientific advice to the organization is provided by its scientific advisory council including directors of leading public health laboratories such as who collaborating centres for influenza in 2023 gisaids lack of transparency was criticized by some gisaid funders including the european commission and the rockefeller foundation with longterm funding being denied from international federation of pharmaceutical manufacturers and associations ifpma in june 2023 it was reported in vanity fair that bogner had said that gisaid will soon launch an independent compliance board responsible for addressing a wide range of governance matters the telegraph similarly reported that gisaids inhouse counsel was developing new governance processes intended to be transparent and allow for the resolution of scientific disputes without the involvement of bogner the creation of the gisaid database was motivated in part by concerns raised by researchers from developing countries with scientific american noting in 2009 that that a previous datasharing system run by who forced them to give up intellectual'</li><li>'viruses can be named based on the antibodies they react with the use of the antibodies which were once exclusively derived from the serum blood fluid of animals is called serology once an antibody – reaction has taken place in a test other methods are needed to confirm this older methods included complement fixation tests hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralisation newer methods use enzyme immunoassays eiain the years before pcr was invented immunofluorescence was used to quickly confirm viral infections it is an infectivity assay that is virus species specific because antibodies are used the antibodies are tagged with a dye that is luminescencent and when using an optical microscope with a modified light source infected cells glow in the dark pcr is a mainstay method for detecting viruses in all species including plants and animals it works by detecting traces of virus specific rna or dna it is very sensitive and specific but can be easily compromised by contamination most of the tests used in veterinary virology and medical virology are based on pcr or similar methods such as transcription mediated amplification when a novel virus emerges such as the covid coronavirus a specific test can be devised quickly so long as the viral genome has been sequenced and unique regions of the viral dna or rna identified the invention of microfluidic tests as allowed for most of these tests to be automated despite its specificity and sensitivity pcr has a disadvantage in that it does not differentiate infectious and noninfectious viruses and tests of cure have to be delayed for up to 21 days to allow for residual viral nucleic acid to clear from the site of the infection in laboratories many of the diagnostic test for detecting viruses are nucleic acid amplification methods such as pcr some tests detect the viruses or their components as these include electron microscopy and enzymeimmunoassays the socalled home or selftesting gadgets are usually lateral flow tests which detect the virus using a tagged monoclonal antibody these are also used in agriculture food and environmental sciences counting viruses quantitation has always had an important role in virology and has become central to the control of some infections of humans where the viral load is measured there are two basic methods those that count the fully infective virus particles which are called infectivity assays and those that count all the particles including the defective ones infectivity assays measure the amount concentration of infective viruses in a sample of known volume for host cells plants or cultures of bacterial or animal cells are used laboratory animals such as mice'</li><li>'vpx is a virionassociated protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 hiv2 and most simian immunodeficiency virus siv strains but that is absent from hiv1 it is similar in structure to the protein vpr that is carried by siv and hiv2 as well as hiv1 vpx is one of five accessory proteins vif vpx vpr vpu and nef carried by lentiviruses that enhances viral replication by inhibiting host antiviral factorsvpx enhances hiv2 replication in humans by counteracting the host factor samhd1 samhd1 is a host factor found in human myeloid cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages that restricts hiv1 replication by depleting the cytoplasmic pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates needed for viral dna production samhd1 does not however restrict hiv2 replication in myeloid cells due to the presence of viral vpx vpx counteracts restriction by inducing the ubiquitinproteasomedependent degradation of samhd1 vpxmediated degradation of samhd1 therefore decreases deoxynucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis thereby increasing the availability of dntps for viral reverse transcription in the cytoplasm it has been postulated that samhd1 degradation is required for hiv2 replication because the hiv2 reverse transcriptase rt is less active than the hiv1 rt which would be the reason for the absence of vpx from hiv1 because vpx is required for hiv2 reverse transcription and the early stages of the viral life cycle it is packaged into virions in significant amountsvpx is also involved in the nuclear import of the hiv2siv genomes and associated proteins but the specific mechanisms and interactions are currently unknown although vpr and vpx are similar in size both are 100 amino acids with 2025 sequence similarity and structure both are predicted to have similar tertiary structure with three major helices they serve very different roles in viral replication vpx targets a host restriction factor for proteasomal degradation while vpr arrests the host cell cycle in the g2 phase however they are both involved in the import of the viral preintegration complex into the host nucleus'</li></ul> |
| 19 | <ul><li>'##es insulin blood glucose from the portal vein enters liver cells hepatocytes insulin acts on the hepatocytes to stimulate the action of several enzymes including glycogen synthase glucose molecules are added to the chains of glycogen as long as both insulin and glucose remain plentiful in this postprandial or fed state the liver takes in more glucose from the blood than it releases after a meal has been digested and glucose levels begin to fall insulin secretion is reduced and glycogen synthesis stops when it is needed for energy glycogen is broken down and converted again to glucose glycogen phosphorylase is the primary enzyme of glycogen breakdown for the next 8 – 12 hours glucose derived from liver glycogen is the primary source of blood glucose used by the rest of the body for fuel glucagon another hormone produced by the pancreas in many respects serves as a countersignal to insulin in response to insulin levels being below normal when blood levels of glucose begin to fall below the normal range glucagon is secreted in increasing amounts and stimulates both glycogenolysis the breakdown of glycogen and gluconeogenesis the production of glucose from other sources muscle glycogen appears to function as an immediate reserve source of available phosphorylated glucose in the form of glucose1phosphate for muscle cells glycogen contained within skeletal muscle cells are primarily in the form of β particles other cells that contain small amounts use it locally as well as muscle cells lack glucose6phosphatase which is required to pass glucose into the blood the glycogen they store is available solely for internal use and is not shared with other cells this is in contrast to liver cells which on demand readily do break down their stored glycogen into glucose and send it through the blood stream as fuel for other organsskeletal muscle needs atp provides energy for muscle contraction and relaxation in what is known as the sliding filament theory skeletal muscle relies predominantly on glycogenolysis for the first few minutes as it transitions from rest to activity as well as throughout highintensity aerobic activity and all anaerobic activity during anaerobic activity such as weightlifting and isometric exercise the phosphagen system atppcr and muscle glycogen are the only substrates used as they do not require oxygen nor blood flowdifferent bioenergetic systems produce atp at different speeds with atp produced'</li><li>'glycogen storage disease type i gsd i is an inherited disease that prevents the liver from properly breaking down stored glycogen which is necessary to maintain adequate blood sugar levels gsd i is divided into two main types gsd ia and gsd ib which differ in cause presentation and treatment there are also possibly rarer subtypes the translocases for inorganic phosphate gsd ic or glucose gsd id however a recent study suggests that the biochemical assays used to differentiate gsd ic and gsd id from gsd ib are not reliable and are therefore gsd ibgsd ia is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme glucose6phosphatase gsd ib a deficiency in the transport protein glucose6phosphate translocase because glycogenolysis is the principal metabolic mechanism by which the liver supplies glucose to the body during fasting both deficiencies cause severe hypoglycemia and over time excess glycogen storage in the liver and in some cases in the kidneys because of the glycogen buildup gsd i patients typically present with enlarged livers from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease other functions of the liver and kidneys are initially intact in gsd i but are susceptible to other problems without proper treatment gsd i causes chronic low blood sugar which can lead to excessive lactic acid and abnormally high lipids in the blood and other problems frequent feedings of cornstarch or other carbohydrates are the principal treatment for all forms of gsd i gsd ib also features chronic neutropenia due to a dysfunction in the production of neutrophils in the bone marrow this immunodeficiency if untreated makes gsd ib patients susceptible to infection the principal treatment for this feature of gsd ib is filgrastim however patients often still require treatment for frequent infections and a chronically enlarged spleen is a common side effect gsd ib patients often present with inflammatory bowel diseaseit is the most common of the glycogen storage diseases gsd i has an incidence of approximately 1 in 100000 births in the american population and approximately 1 in 20000 births among ashkenazi jews the disease was named after german doctor edgar von gierke who first described it in 1929 early research into gsd i identified numerous clinical manifestations falsely thought to be primary features of the genetic disorder however continuing research has revealed that these clinical features are the consequences of only one in gsd ia or two in gsd ib'</li><li>'##patic arteries and threaded through the gastroduodenal mostly or celiac artery the catheter is fixed in this position and the pump is placed in a subcutaneous pocket finally to confirm adequate placement and hepatic perfusion and to rule out extrahepatic perfusion a dye fluorescein or methylene blue is injected into the pump after the procedure and before starting the hai based treatment a technetium 99mlabeled macroaggregated albumin scan is performed to again confirm adequate hepatic perfusion and no misperfusion outside of the liver the complications of hai therapy can be divided into those related to the surgical placement of the pump technical catheterrelated complications and those related to the chemotherapeutic agents usedrelating to the surgical hai pump placement early postoperative complications consist of arterial injury leading to hepatic artery thrombosis inadequate perfusion of the entire liver due to the inability to identify an accessory hepatic artery extrahepatic perfusion to the stomach or duodenum or hematoma formation in the subcutaneous pump pocket late complications are more common and include inflammation or ulceration of the stomach or duodenum and pump pocket infectionthe most common catheter related complications include displacement of the catheter occlusion of the hepatic artery because of the catheter and catheter thrombosis these catheter related complications dont occur as frequently with increased surgical experience and with improvements in pump designthe most common toxicities caused by the chemotherapeutic agents were gastrointestinal symptoms chemical hepatitis and bone marrow inhibition it is important to note that the most serious and dose limiting complication of hai is hepatobiliary toxicity this occurs more commonly with fudr than any other chemotherapeutic agent patients undergoing hai therapy therefore have regular liver function tests to monitor any damage to the liver as previously mentioned studies have been carried out to come up with treatment algorithms to minimize this serious side effect it has been shown that adding leucovorin and fudr for infusion through the pump not only reduces the biliary toxicity of the drug but also increases the response rate however biliary sclerosis is not seen with hai using 5fu 5fu is associated with an increased risk of myelosuppression logically it would make sense to therefore consider alternating between hai fudr and hai 5fu'</li></ul> |
| 11 | <ul><li>'and arms within the cranium the two vertebral arteries fuse into the basilar artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery pica basilar artery supplies the midbrain cerebellum and usually branches into the posterior cerebral artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery aica pontine branches superior cerebellar artery sca posterior cerebral artery pca posterior communicating artery the venous drainage of the cerebrum can be separated into two subdivisions superficial and deep the superficial systemthe superficial system is composed of dural venous sinuses sinuses channels within the dura mater the dural sinuses are therefore located on the surface of the cerebrum the most prominent of these sinuses is the superior sagittal sinus which is located in the sagittal plane under the midline of the cerebral vault posteriorly and inferiorly to the confluence of sinuses where the superficial drainage joins with the sinus that primarily drains the deep venous system from here two transverse sinuses bifurcate and travel laterally and inferiorly in an sshaped curve that forms the sigmoid sinuses which go on to form the two jugular veins in the neck the jugular veins parallel the upward course of the carotid arteries and drain blood into the superior vena cava the veins puncture the relevant dural sinus piercing the arachnoid and dura mater as bridging veins that drain their contents into the sinus the deep venous systemthe deep venous system is primarily composed of traditional veins inside the deep structures of the brain which join behind the midbrain to form the great cerebral vein vein of galen this vein merges with the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus which then joins the superficial venous system mentioned above at the confluence of sinuses cerebral blood flow cbf is the blood supply to the brain in a given period of time in an adult cbf is typically 750 millilitres per minute or 15 of the cardiac output this equates to an average perfusion of 50 to 54 millilitres of blood per 100 grams of brain tissue per minute cbf is tightly regulated to meet the brains metabolic demands too much blood a clinical condition of a normal homeostatic response of hyperemia can raise intracranial pressure icp which can compress and damage delicate brain tissue too little blood flow ischemia results if blood flow to the brain is below 18 to 20 ml per 100 g per minute and tissue death occurs if flow dips below 8 to'</li><li>'##ie b infection it is mostly unnecessary for treatment purposes to diagnose which virus is causing the symptoms in question though it may be epidemiologically useful coxsackie b infections usually do not cause serious disease although for newborns in the first 1 – 2 weeks of life coxsackie b infections can easily be fatal the pancreas is a frequent target which can cause pancreatitiscoxsackie b3 cb3 infections are the most common enterovirus cause of myocarditis and sudden cardiac death cb3 infection causes ion channel pathology in the heart leading to ventricular arrhythmia studies in mice suggest that cb3 enters cells by means of tolllike receptor 4 both cb3 and cb4 exploit cellular autophagy to promote replication the b4 coxsackie viruses cb4 serotype was suggested to be a possible cause of diabetes mellitus type 1 t1d an autoimmune response to coxsackie virus b infection upon the islets of langerhans may be a cause of t1dother research implicates strains b1 a4 a2 and a16 in the destruction of beta cells with some suggestion that strains b3 and b6 may have protective effects via immunological crossprotection as of 2008 there is no wellaccepted treatment for the coxsackie b group of viruses palliative care is available however and patients with chest pain or stiffness of the neck should be examined for signs of cardiac or central nervous system involvement respectively some measure of prevention can usually be achieved by basic sanitation on the part of foodservice workers though the viruses are highly contagious care should be taken in washing ones hands and in cleaning the body after swimming in the event of coxsackieinduced myocarditis or pericarditis antiinflammatories can be given to reduce damage to the heart muscle enteroviruses are usually only capable of acute infections that are rapidly cleared by the adaptive immune response however mutations which enterovirus b serotypes such as coxsackievirus b and echovirus acquire in the host during the acute phase can transform these viruses into the noncytolytic form also known as noncytopathic or defective enterovirus this form is a mutated quasispecies of enterovirus which is capable of causing persistent infection in human tissues and such infections have been found in the pancreas in type 1 diabetes in chronic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in valvular'</li><li>'the biomedical research center brc is a research center at qatar university focusing on biomedical research brc was founded in 2014 and partners with the ministry of public health qatar and hamad medical corporation hmc the incidence of genetic disorders in qatar is high with the top three causes of death in the country cancer heart diseases and diabetes the government saw the creation of brc as a strategy for proactively preventing diseases to foster public healthbrc labs received the isoiec 17025 accreditation from the american association for laboratory accreditation a2la the centres research activities focus on the domains of infectious diseases virology and microbiology metabolic disorders and biomedical omics since its inauguration in 2014 brc researchers have published research papers with more than 530 publicationsthe centres research projects include antibiotic profiling of antibiotics resistant microbes in humans and animals one health approach identified for the first time the reason of why some obese people gets type2 diabetes while others do not conducted six research on covid19 to assist in fighting and recovery provided a study on protection against the omicron variant in qatar decoded the genetic code of qatari falcons and various endangered animal species dna sequence of the dugong sea cow study a nanomedicinebased preventative strategy to controlling diseases and improve health brc introduced the use of zebrafish as an animal model in biomedical research at qu and established a facility for it in 2015 the facility is used as a research unit to study many genetic diseases therefore ministry of public health qatar clearly articulated an institutional research policy irp on human use of zebrafish in research and qu circulated it to qu community for implementation the brc facilities include biosafety level 3 bsl3 built by certek usa it is equipped for viral and bacterial research on risk group 3 pathogens sequencing unit to conduct stateoftheart research in genomics mariam al maadeed sidra medical and research center'</li></ul> |
| 17 | <ul><li>'and rainfall there are many ways to date a core once dated it gives valuable information about changes of climate and terrain for example cores in the ocean floor soil and ice have altered the view of the geologic history of the pleistocene entirely reverse circulation drilling is a method in which rock cuttings are continuously extracted through the hollow drill rod and can be sampled for analysis the method may be faster and use less water than core drilling but does not produce cores of relatively undisturbed material so less information on the rock structure can be derived from analysis if compressed air is used for cutting extraction the sample remains uncontaminated is available almost immediately and the method has a low environmental impact core drill ice core integrated ocean drilling program scientific drilling'</li><li>'##cial environments tend to be found in higher latitudes since there is more land at these latitudes in the north most of this effect is seen in the northern hemisphere however in lower latitudes the direct effect of the suns radiation is greater so the freezethaw effect is seen but permafrost is much less widespread altitude – air temperature drops by approximately 1 °c for every 100 m rise above sea level this means that on mountain ranges modern periglacial conditions are found nearer the equator than they are lower down ocean currents – cold surface currents from polar regions reduce mean average temperatures in places where they exert their effect so that ice caps and periglacial conditions will show nearer to the equator as in labrador for example conversely warm surface currents from tropical seas increases mean temperatures the cold conditions are then found only in more northerly places this is apparent in western north america which is affected by the north pacific current in the same way but more markedly the gulf stream affects western europe continentality – away from the moderating influence of the ocean seasonal temperature variation is more extreme and freezethaw goes deeper in the centres of canada and siberia the permafrost typical of periglaciation goes deeper and extends further towards the equator similarly solifluction associated with freezethaw extends into somewhat lower latitudes than on western coasts periglaciation results in a variety of ground conditions but especially those involving irregular mixed deposits created by ice wedges solifluction gelifluction frost creep and rockfalls periglacial environments trend towards stable geomorphologies coombe and head deposits – coombe deposits are chalk deposits found below chalk escarpments in southern england head deposits are more common below outcrops of granite on dartmoor patterned ground – patterned ground occurs where stones form circles polygons and stripes local topography affects which of these are expressed a process called frost heaving is responsible for these features solifluction lobes – solifluction lobes are formed when waterlogged soil slips down a slope due to gravity forming u shaped lobes blockfields or felsenmeer – blockfields are areas covered by large angular blocks traditionally believed to have been created by freezethaw action a good example of a blockfield can be found in the snowdonia national park wales blockfields are common in the unglaciated parts of the appalachian mountains in the northeastern united states such as at the river of rocks or hickory run boulder field lehigh county pennsylvaniaother landforms include bratschen palsa periglacial lake pingo'</li><li>'climate was cooler during the overarching little ice age than it is today ice cores scientists have studied the chemical composition of ice cores long tubes of ice that are drilled from glaciers and ice sheets to learn of past climate conditions tree rings the width of tree rings can be used to reconstruct past climate conditions as trees grow more slowly in cooler temperatures tree ring data from the little ice age seems to prove a reduction in solar activityoverall the evidence suggests that the amount of solar radiation reaching the earths surface was slightly lower during the grindelwald fluctuation and this reduction in solar radiation is thought to have contributed to the expansion of the glaciers human activities such as deforestation and land use changes are known to negatively affect local climate patterns william ruddiman a palaeoclimatologist proposed the hypothesis that human activity has been affecting the earths climate for much longer than previously thought in particular ruddiman has argued that the early adoption of agriculture and landuse practices by human societies beginning around 8000 years ago led to the release of significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which may have contributed to the warming of the earths climateit is difficult to accurately assess the extent of depopulation that occurred during both the 1500s and 1600s as reliable population data from this period is limited however it is known that this period was one of significant upheaval and change with many regions experiencing significant population drops due to wars plagues famines and natural disasters the bubonic plague for instance killed between 75 and 200 million people in europe alone it is also believed that an onset of disease during the little ice age may have led to further depopulationthis decline in population meant that cultivated lands became unkempt allowing for the regrowth of wild plants this is perceived to be the cause for the drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the sixteenth century thus exacerbating the extreme cooling period however of the causes depopulation is the least significant in historical records the grindelwald fluctuation is characterised by a further drop in temperatures and more frequent cold spells throughout many parts of the world the more notable records written by a jacobean weather enthusiast in bristol chronicle some of the effects the weather fluctuation had on agriculture and society they specifically discuss food shortages and crop failures taking precedence throughout the area'</li></ul> |
| 14 | <ul><li>'needle aspiration fna biopsy can be fast and least painful a very thin hollow needle and slight suction will be used to remove a small sample from under the nipple using a local anesthetic to numb the skin may not be necessary since a thin needle is used for the biopsy receiving an injection to prevent pain from the biopsy may be more painful than the biopsy itselfsome men develop a condition known as gynecomastia in which the breast tissue under the nipple develops and grows discharge from the nipple can occur the nipple may swell in some men possibly due to increased levels of estrogen changes in appearance may be normal or related to disease inverted nipples – this is normal if the nipples have always been indented inward and can easily point out when touched if the nipples are pointing in and this is new this is an unexpected change skin puckering of the nipple – this can be caused by scar tissue from surgery or an infection often scar tissue forms for no reason most of the time this issue does not need treatment this is an unexpected change this change can be of concern since puckering or retraction of the nipple can indicate an underlying change in breast tissue that may be cancerous the nipple is warm to the touch red or painful – this can be an infection it is rarely due to breast cancer scaly flaking or itchy nipple – this is most often due to eczema or a bacterial or fungal infection this change is not expected flaking scaly or itchy nipples can be a sign of pagets disease thickened skin with large pores – this is called peau dorange because the skin looks like an orange peel an infection in the breast or inflammatory breast cancer can cause this problem this is not an expected change retracted nipples – the nipple was raised above the surface but changes begins to pull inward and does not come out when stimulatedthe average projection and size of human female nipples is slightly more than 3⁄8 inch 95 mm symptoms of breast cancer can often be seen first by changes of the nipple and areola although not all women have the same symptoms and some people do not have any signs or symptoms at all a person may find out they have breast cancer after a routine mammogram warning signs can include new lump in the nipple or breast or armpit thickening or swelling of part of the breast areola or nipple irritation or dimpling of breast skin redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or the breast pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area nipple discharge other than breast milk including blood any change'</li><li>'the mother over the chorion frondosum this part of the endometrium is called the decidua basalis forms the decidual plate the decidual plate is tightly attached to the chorion frondosum and goes on to form the actual placenta endometrium on the opposite side to the decidua basalis is the decidua parietalis this fuses with the chorion laevae thus filling up the uterine cavityin the case of twins dichorionic placentation refers to the presence of two placentas in all dizygotic and some monozygotic twins monochorionic placentation occurs when monozygotic twins develop with only one placenta and bears a higher risk of complications during pregnancy abnormal placentation can lead to an early termination of pregnancy for example in preeclampsia as placentation often results during the evolution of live birth the more than 100 origins of live birth in lizards and snakes squamata have seen close to an equal number of independent origins of placentation this means that the occurrence of placentation in squamata is more frequent than in all other vertebrates combined making them ideal for research on the evolution of placentation and viviparity itself in most squamates two separate placentae form utilising separate embryonic tissue the chorioallantoic and yolksac placentae in species with more complex placentation we see regional specialisation for gas amino acid and lipid transport placentae form following implantation into uterine tissue as seen in mammals and formation is likely facilitated by a plasma membrane transformationmost reptiles exhibit strict epitheliochorial placentation eg pseudemoia entrecasteauxii however at least two examples of endotheliochorial placentation have been identified mabuya sp and trachylepis ivensi unlike eutherian mammals epitheliochorial placentation is not maintained by maternal tissue as embryos do not readily invade tissues outside of the uterus the placenta is an organ that has evolved multiple times independently evolved relatively recently in some lineages and exists in intermediate forms in living species for these reasons it is an outstanding model to study the evolution of complex organs in animals research into the genetic mechanisms that underpin the evolution of the placenta have been conducted in a diversity of animals including reptiles seahorses and mammalsthe genetic processes that support the evolution of the placenta can be best understood by separating those that result'</li><li>'the myometrium once these cells penetrate through the first few layers of cells of the decidua they lose their ability to proliferate and become invasive this departure from the cell cycle seems to be due to factors such as tgfβ and decorin although these invasive interstitial cytotrophoblasts can no longer divide they retain their ability to form syncytia multinucleated giant cells small syncytia are found in the placental bed and myometrium as a result of the fusion of interstitial cytotrophoblastsinterstitial cytotrophoblasts may also transform into endovascular cytotrophoblasts the primary function of the endovascular cytotrophoblast is to penetrate maternal spiral arteries and route the blood flow through the placenta for the growing embryo to use they arise from interstitial cytotrophoblasts from the process of phenocopying this changes the phenotype of these cells from epithelial to endothelial endovascular cytotrophoblasts like their interstitial predecessor are nonproliferating and invasive proper cytotrophoblast function is essential in the implantation of a blastocyst after hatching the embryonic pole of the blastocyst faces the uterine endometrium once they make contact the trophoblast begins to rapidly proliferate the cytotrophoblast secretes proteolytic enzymes to break down the extracellular matrix between the endometrial cells to allow fingerlike projections of trophoblast to penetrate through projections of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast pull the embryo into the endometrium until it is fully covered by endometrial epithelium save for the coagulation plug the most common associated disorder is preeclampsia affecting approximately 7 of all births it is characterized by a failure of the cytotrophoblast to invade the uterus and its vasculature specifically the spiral arteries that the endovascular cytotrophoblast should invade the result of this is decreased blood flow to the fetus which may cause intrauterine growth restriction clinical symptoms of preeclampsia in the mother are most commonly high blood pressure proteinuria and edema conversely if there is too much invasion of uterine tissue by the trophoblast then'</li></ul> |
| 36 | <ul><li>'to some decision or course of action socrates great myth illustrates this motif most clearly when the soul is depicted as a charioteer and its horses being led around a heavenly circuit this is the occasion for the first appearance in platos dialogues of the prominent platonic doctrine that life is motion the soul being the principle or source of life is that which moves itself as opposed to inanimate objects that require an external source of motion to move them the view that life is selfmotion and that the soul is a selfmover is used by plato to guarantee the immortality of the soul making this a novel argument for the souls immortality not found in the phaedo plato relies further on the view that the soul is a mind in order to explain how its motions are possible plato combines the view that the soul is a selfmover with the view that the soul is a mind in order to explain how the soul can move things in the first place eg how it can move the body to which it is attached in life souls move things by means of their thoughts in thomas manns novella death in venice the narrators young love tadzio is associated with phaedrus in mary renaults 1953 novel the charioteer a text of phaedrus is passed among the characters gay men during world war ii and the image of the charioteer and his white and black horses recurs as the protagonist struggles to choose between consummated and unconsummated love in a key scene from the film adaptation of maurice students including maurice attend dean cornwalliss translation class in which two undergraduates orally translate into english the text based on phaedrus stephanus 251a 255a – e during which the dean instructs one to omit the reference to the unspeakable vice of the greeks the 2016 film knight of cups by terrence malick is inspired in part by phaedrus in robert m pirsigs fictionalized autobiographical novel zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance pirsig refers to his past self from before undergoing electroconvulsive therapy in the third person and using the name phaedrus intended to reflect his opposition to certain educational and philosophical ideas the character reappears in the followup lila an inquiry into morals in virginia woolfs 1922 novel jacobs room jacob reads phaedrus alone in his room after a visit to the enormous mind as woolf characterizes the british museum jowett translation at standardebooks greek text at perseus plato nichols j h tr and ed phaedrus cornell university press'</li><li>'other lacks so much the betterthe first two of young becker and pikes four phases of written rogerian argument are based on the first two of rapoports three principles of ethical debate the third of rapoports principles — increasing the perceived similarity between self and other — is a principle that young becker and pike considered to be equally as important as the other two but they said it should be an attitude assumed throughout the discourse and is not a phase of writingmaxine hairston in a section on rogerian or nonthreatening argument in her textbook a contemporary rhetoric advised that one shouldnt start writing with a detailed plan in mind but might start by making four lists the others concerns ones own key points anticipated problems and points of agreement or common ground she gave a different version of young becker and pikes four phases which she expanded to five and called elements of the nonthreatening argument a brief and objective statement of the issue a neutrally worded analysis of the others position a neutrally worded analysis of ones own position a statement of the common aspects goals and values that the positions share and a proposal for resolving the issue that shows how both sides may gain she said that the rogerian approach requires calm patience and effort and will work if one is more concerned about increasing understanding and communication than about scoring a triumph in a related article she noted the similarity between rogerian argument and john stuart mills wellknown phrase from on liberty he who knows only his own side of the case knows little of thatrobert keith millers textbook the informed argument first published in 1986 presented five phases adapted from an earlier textbook by richard coe millers phases were an introduction to the problem a summary of views that oppose the writers position a statement of understanding of the region of validity of the opposing views a statement of the writers position a statement of the situations in which the writers position has merit and a statement of the benefits of accepting the writers positionin 1992 rebecca stephens built on the vague and abstract rogerian principles of other rhetoricians to create a set of 23 concrete and detailed questions that she called a rogerianbased heuristic for rhetorical invention intended to help people think in a rogerian way while discovering ideas and arguments for example the first two of her 23 questions are what is the nature of the issue in general terms and she recommended that the answer should itself be stated as a question and whose lives are affected by the issue the last two questions are what would have to happen to eliminate the disagreement among the opposing groups and what are the chances that this will occur lisa'</li><li>'reestablishes equilibrium and health in the collective imaginary which are jeopardized by the repressive aspects of societythe state of political satire in a given society reflects the tolerance or intolerance that characterizes it and the state of civil liberties and human rights under totalitarian regimes any criticism of a political system and especially satire is suppressed a typical example is the soviet union where the dissidents such as aleksandr solzhenitsyn and andrei sakharov were under strong pressure from the government while satire of everyday life in the ussr was allowed the most prominent satirist being arkady raikin political satire existed in the form of anecdotes that made fun of soviet political leaders especially brezhnev famous for his narrowmindedness and love for awards and decorations satire is a diverse genre which is complex to classify and define with a wide range of satiric modes satirical literature can commonly be categorized as either horatian juvenalian or menippean horatian horatian satire named for the roman satirist horace 65 – 8 bce playfully criticizes some social vice through gentle mild and lighthearted humour horace quintus horatius flaccus wrote satires to gently ridicule the dominant opinions and philosophical beliefs of ancient rome and greece rather than writing in harsh or accusing tones he addressed issues with humor and clever mockery horatian satire follows this same pattern of gently ridiculing the absurdities and follies of human beingsit directs wit exaggeration and selfdeprecating humour toward what it identifies as folly rather than evil horatian satires sympathetic tone is common in modern society a horatian satirists goal is to heal the situation with smiles rather than by anger horatian satire is a gentle reminder to take life less seriously and evokes a wry smile juvenalian juvenalian satire named for the writings of the roman satirist juvenal late first century – early second century ad is more contemptuous and abrasive than the horatian juvenal disagreed with the opinions of the public figures and institutions of the republic and actively attacked them through his literature he utilized the satirical tools of exaggeration and parody to make his targets appear monstrous and incompetent juvenals satire follows this same pattern of abrasively ridiculing societal structures juvenal also unlike horace attacked public officials and governmental organizations through his satires regarding their opinions as not just wrong but evil following in this tradition juvenalia'</li></ul> |
| 27 | <ul><li>'rod is so small newtons third law of physics applies for any action there is a reaction when the electrons are pulled across the surface of the rod so too is the rod pulled in the opposite direction the first recorded success of a nanosubmarine was performed by a team of students led by dan peer from tel aviv university in israel this was a continuation to peers work at harvard on nanosubmarines and targeted drug delivery tests have proven successful in delivering drugs to heal mice with ulcerative colitis tests will continue and the team plans to experiment on the human body soon fantastic voyage novel and movie based on the nanosubmarine theme'</li><li>'electronbeaminduced deposition ebid is a process of decomposing gaseous molecules by an electron beam leading to deposition of nonvolatile fragments onto a nearby substrate the electron beam is usually provided by a scanning electron microscope which results in high spatial accuracy potentially below one nanometer and the possibility to produce freestanding threedimensional structures the focused electron beam of a scanning electron microscope sem or scanning transmission electron microscope stem is commonly used another method is ionbeaminduced deposition ibid where a focused ion beam is applied instead precursor materials are typically liquid or solid and gasified prior to deposition usually through vaporization or sublimation and introduced at accurately controlled rate into the highvacuum chamber of the electron microscope alternatively solid precursors can be sublimated by the electron beam itself when deposition occurs at a high temperature or involves corrosive gases a specially designed deposition chamber is used it is isolated from the microscope and the beam is introduced into it through a micrometresized orifice the small orifice size maintains differential pressure in the microscope vacuum and deposition chamber no vacuum such deposition mode has been used for ebid of diamondin the presence of the precursor gas the electron beam is scanned over the substrate resulting in deposition of material the scanning is usually computercontrolled the deposition rate depends on a variety of processing parameters such as the partial precursor pressure substrate temperature electron beam parameters applied current density etc it usually is in the order of 10 nms primary electron energies in sems or stems are usually between 10 and 300 kev where reactions induced by electron impact ie precursor dissociation have a relatively low cross section the majority of decomposition occurs via low energy electron impact either by low energy secondary electrons which cross the substratevacuum interface and contribute to the total current density or inelastically scattered backscattered electrons primary stem electrons can be focused into spots as small as 0045 nm while the smallest structures deposited so far by ebid are point deposits of 07 nm diameter deposits usually have a larger lateral size than the beam spot size the reason are the socalled proximity effects meaning that secondary backscattered and forward scattered if the beam dwells on already deposited material electrons contribute to the deposition as these electrons can leave the substrate up to several microns away from the point of impact of the electron beam depending on its energy material deposition is not necessarily confined to the irradiated spot to overcome this problem compensation algorithms can be applied which is typical for electron beam lithography as of 2008 the range of materials deposited by ebid included al au amor'</li><li>'##onment this presents a challenge in maintaining protein arrays in a stable condition over extended periods of time in situ methods — invented and published by mingyue he and michael taussig in 2001 — involve onchip synthesis of proteins as and when required directly from the dna using cellfree protein expression systems since dna is a highly stable molecule it does not deteriorate over time and is therefore suited to longterm storage this approach is also advantageous in that it circumvents the laborious and often costly processes of separate protein purification and dna cloning since proteins are made and immobilised simultaneously in a single step on the chip surface examples of in situ techniques are pisa protein in situ array nappa nucleic acid programmable protein array and dapa dna array to protein array there are three types of protein microarrays that are currently used to study the biochemical activities of proteins analytical microarrays are also known as capture arrays in this technique a library of antibodies aptamers or affibodies is arrayed on the support surface these are used as capture molecules since each binds specifically to a particular protein the array is probed with a complex protein solution such as a cell lysate analysis of the resulting binding reactions using various detection systems can provide information about expression levels of particular proteins in the sample as well as measurements of binding affinities and specificities this type of microarray is especially useful in comparing protein expression in different solutions for instance the response of the cells to a particular factor can be identified by comparing the lysates of cells treated with specific substances or grown under certain conditions with the lysates of control cells another application is in the identification and profiling of diseased tissues reverse phase protein microarray rppa involve complex samples such as tissue lysates cells are isolated from various tissues of interest and are lysed the lysate is arrayed onto the microarray and probed with antibodies against the target protein of interest these antibodies are typically detected with chemiluminescent fluorescent or colorimetric assays reference peptides are printed on the slides to allow for protein quantification of the sample lysates rpas allow for the determination of the presence of altered proteins or other agents that may be the result of disease specifically posttranslational modifications which are typically altered as a result of disease can be detected using rpas functional protein microarrays also known as target protein arrays are constructed by immobilising large numbers of purified proteins and are used to'</li></ul> |
| 9 | <ul><li>'a circular chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria archaea mitochondria and chloroplasts in the form of a molecule of circular dna unlike the linear chromosome of most eukaryotes most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular dna molecule – there are no free ends to the dna free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to dna replication and stability cells that do contain chromosomes with dna ends or telomeres most eukaryotes have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges however a circular chromosome can provide other challenges for cells after replication the two progeny circular chromosomes can sometimes remain interlinked or tangled and they must be resolved so that each cell inherits one complete copy of the chromosome during cell division the circular bacteria chromosome replication is best understood in the wellstudied bacteria escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis chromosome replication proceeds in three major stages initiation elongation and termination the initiation stage starts with the ordered assembly of initiator proteins at the origin region of the chromosome called oric these assembly stages are regulated to ensure that chromosome replication occurs only once in each cell cycle during the elongation phase of replication the enzymes that were assembled at oric during initiation proceed along each arm replichore of the chromosome in opposite directions away from the oric replicating the dna to create two identical copies this process is known as bidirectional replication the entire assembly of molecules involved in dna replication on each arm is called a replisome at the forefront of the replisome is a dna helicase that unwinds the two strands of dna creating a moving replication fork the two unwound single strands of dna serve as templates for dna polymerase which moves with the helicase together with other proteins to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand in this way two identical copies of the original dna are created eventually the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome approximately opposite oric called the terminus region the elongation enzymes then disassemble and the two daughter chromosomes are resolved before cell division is completed the e coli origin of replication called oric consists of dna sequences that are recognised by the dnaa protein which is highly conserved amongst different bacterial species dnaa binding to the origin initiates the regulated recruitment of other enzymes and proteins that will eventually lead to the establishment of two complete replisomes for bidirectional replicationdna sequence elements within oric that are important for its function include dnaa boxes a 9mer repeat with a highly'</li><li>'the second step of this process has recently fallen into question for the past few decades the common view was that a trimeric multiheme ctype hao converts hydroxylamine into nitrite in the periplasm with production of four electrons 12 the stream of four electrons is channeled through cytochrome c554 to a membranebound cytochrome c552 two of the electrons are routed back to amo where they are used for the oxidation of ammonia quinol pool the remaining two electrons are used to generate a proton motive force and reduce nadp through reverse electron transportrecent results however show that hao does not produce nitrite as a direct product of catalysis this enzyme instead produces nitric oxide and three electrons nitric oxide can then be oxidized by other enzymes or oxygen to nitrite in this paradigm the electron balance for overall metabolism needs to be reconsidered nitrite produced in the first step of autotrophic nitrification is oxidized to nitrate by nitrite oxidoreductase nxr 2 it is a membraneassociated ironsulfur molybdo protein and is part of an electron transfer chain which channels electrons from nitrite to molecular oxygen the enzymatic mechanisms involved in nitriteoxidizing bacteria are less described than that of ammonium oxidation recent research eg woznica a et al 2013 proposes a new hypothetical model of nob electron transport chain and nxr mechanisms here in contrast to earlier models the nxr would act on the outside of the plasma membrane and directly contribute to a mechanism of proton gradient generation as postulated by spieck and coworkers nevertheless the molecular mechanism of nitrite oxidation is an open question the twostep conversion of ammonia to nitrate observed in ammoniaoxidizing bacteria ammoniaoxidizing archaea and nitriteoxidizing bacteria such as nitrobacter is puzzling to researchers complete nitrification the conversion of ammonia to nitrate in a single step known as comammox has an energy yield ∆g° ′ of −349 kj mol−1 nh3 while the energy yields for the ammoniaoxidation and nitriteoxidation steps of the observed twostep reaction are −275 kj mol−1 nh3 and −74 kj mol−1 no2− respectively these values indicate that it would be energetically favourable for an organism to carry out complete nitrification from ammonia to nitrate comammox rather'</li><li>'young animals and nonnative breeds the clinical signs of disease are caused by an increased vascular permeability and consequent oedema and hypovolemia the symptoms include neurological signs such as tremors and head pressing respiratory signs such as coughing and nasal discharge and systemic signs such as fever and loss of appetite physical examination may reveal petechiae of the mucous membranes tachycardia and muffled heart sounds heartwater can also cause reproductive and gastrointestinal disease it is frequently fatal on post mortem examination a light yellow transudate that coagulates on exposure to air is often found within the thorax pericardium and abdomen most fatal cases have the hydropericardium that gives the disease its common name pulmonary oedema and mucosal congestion are regularly seen along with frothy fluid in the airways and cut surfaces of the lungs to definitively diagnose the disease c ruminantium must be demonstrated either in preparations of the hippocampus under giemsa staining or by histopathology of brain or kidney during the early stages of disease animals may be treated with sulfonamides and tetracyclines in advanced disease prognosis is poor tetracyclines can also be used prophylactically when animals are introduced into an area endemic with heartwater ectoparasiticides used as dips can be used to reduce exposure the animals exposure to bont ticks in areas endemic for heartwater the use of dips against other ticks of domestic animals such as rhipicephalus boophilus and hyalomma species is likely and this will usually contribute to control of vectors of e ruminantium a live blood vaccine is available for protection of young stock but animals may require treatment for the disease after vaccination several experimental vaccines are currently being developed examples include attenuated recombinant and multiepitope dna vaccines depending on the species of the animal the mortality rate of the disease may vary from 5 to 90 mortality rates appear to be the highest within the various sheep and goat species but this is not always the case as some sheep species such as the afrikaner have mortality rates only reaching as high as 6 heartwater is notifiable to the world organization for animal health the us department of agriculture believes that an outbreak in the us could cost the livestock industry up to 762 million in losses annually the tick that carries the disease is thought to be capable of being transported by migratory birds from the caribbean to at least florida the'</li></ul> |
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