multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1-scon-poc

udrearobert999/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1-scon-poc

multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1-scon-poc is a text classification model from udrearobert999. Use it when you need a label for a piece of text. It is set up for setfit.

This is a SetFit model that can be used for Text Classification. This SetFit model uses sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1 as the Sentence Transformer embedding model. A SetFitHead instance is used for c…

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At a glance

Task: Text Classification
Library: setfit
Model type: mpnet
Access: Public
Created: May 3, 2024
Updated: May 4, 2024
SHA: 93dd23e0

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Base models

sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1

Spaces

Jasonnnnnnnnnnn0/udrearobert999-multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1-scon-poc

Model card

From the Hugging Face model README

SetFit with sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1

The model has been trained using an efficient few-shot learning technique that involves:

Fine-tuning a Sentence Transformer with contrastive learning.
Training a classification head with features from the fine-tuned Sentence Transformer.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: SetFit
Sentence Transformer body: sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1
Classification head: a SetFitHead instance
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Number of Classes: 43 classes

Model Sources

Repository: SetFit on GitHub
Paper: Efficient Few-Shot Learning Without Prompts
Blogpost: SetFit: Efficient Few-Shot Learning Without Prompts

Model Labels

Label	Examples
5	<ul><li>'its civilizations before the species is able to develop the technology to communicate with other intelligent species intelligent alien species have not developed advanced technologies it may be that while alien species with intelligence exist they are primitive or have not reached the level of technological advancement necessary to communicate along with nonintelligent life such civilizations would also be very difficult to detect a trip using conventional rockets would take hundreds of thousands of years to reach the nearest starsto skeptics the fact that in the history of life on the earth only one species has developed a civilization to the point of being capable of spaceflight and radio technology lends more credence to the idea that technologically advanced civilizations are rare in the universeanother hypothesis in this category is the water world hypothesis according to author and scientist david brin it turns out that our earth skates the very inner edge of our suns continuously habitable — or goldilocks — zone and earth may be anomalous it may be that because we are so close to our sun we have an anomalously oxygenrich atmosphere and we have anomalously little ocean for a water world in other words 32 percent continental mass may be high among water worlds brin continues in which case the evolution of creatures like us with hands and fire and all that sort of thing may be rare in the galaxy in which case when we do build starships and head out there perhaps well find lots and lots of life worlds but theyre all like polynesia well find lots and lots of intelligent lifeforms out there but theyre all dolphins whales squids who could never build their own starships what a perfect universe for us to be in because nobody would be able to boss us around and wed get to be the voyagers the star trek people the starship builders the policemen and so on it is the nature of intelligent life to destroy itself this is the argument that technological civilizations may usually or invariably destroy themselves before or shortly after developing radio or spaceflight technology the astrophysicist sebastian von hoerner stated that the progress of science and technology on earth was driven by two factors — the struggle for domination and the desire for an easy life the former potentially leads to complete destruction while the latter may lead to biological or mental degeneration possible means of annihilation via major global issues where global interconnectedness actually makes humanity more vulnerable than resilient are many including war accidental environmental contamination or damage the development of biotechnology synthetic life like mirror life resource depletion climate change or poorlydesigned artificial intelligence this general theme is explored both in fiction and in'</li><li>'##s in the range 50 to 500 micrometers of average density 20 gcm3 with porosity about 40 the total influx rate of meteoritic sites of most idps captured in the earths stratosphere range between 1 and 3 gcm3 with an average density at about 20 gcm3other specific dust properties in circumstellar dust astronomers have found molecular signatures of co silicon carbide amorphous silicate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons water ice and polyformaldehyde among others in the diffuse interstellar medium there is evidence for silicate and carbon grains cometary dust is generally different with overlap from asteroidal dust asteroidal dust resembles carbonaceous chondritic meteorites cometary dust resembles interstellar grains which can include silicates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and water ice in september 2020 evidence was presented of solidstate water in the interstellar medium and particularly of water ice mixed with silicate grains in cosmic dust grains the large grains in interstellar space are probably complex with refractory cores that condensed within stellar outflows topped by layers acquired during incursions into cold dense interstellar clouds that cyclic process of growth and destruction outside of the clouds has been modeled to demonstrate that the cores live much longer than the average lifetime of dust mass those cores mostly start with silicate particles condensing in the atmospheres of cool oxygenrich redgiants and carbon grains condensing in the atmospheres of cool carbon stars red giants have evolved or altered off the main sequence and have entered the giant phase of their evolution and are the major source of refractory dust grain cores in galaxies those refractory cores are also called stardust section above which is a scientific term for the small fraction of cosmic dust that condensed thermally within stellar gases as they were ejected from the stars several percent of refractory grain cores have condensed within expanding interiors of supernovae a type of cosmic decompression chamber meteoriticists who study refractory stardust extracted from meteorites often call it presolar grains but that within meteorites is only a small fraction of all presolar dust stardust condenses within the stars via considerably different condensation chemistry than that of the bulk of cosmic dust which accretes cold onto preexisting dust in dark molecular clouds of the galaxy those molecular clouds are very cold typically less than 50k so that ices of many kinds may accrete onto grains in cases only to be destroyed or split apart by'</li><li>'##sequilibrium in the geochemical cycle which would point to a reaction happening more or less often than it should a disequilibrium such as this could be interpreted as an indication of life a biosignature must be able to last for long enough so that a probe telescope or human can be able to detect it a consequence of a biological organisms use of metabolic reactions for energy is the production of metabolic waste in addition the structure of an organism can be preserved as a fossil and we know that some fossils on earth are as old as 35 billion years these byproducts can make excellent biosignatures since they provide direct evidence for life however in order to be a viable biosignature a byproduct must subsequently remain intact so that scientists may discover it a biosignature must be detectable with the current technology to be relevant in scientific investigation this seems to be an obvious statement however there are many scenarios in which life may be present on a planet yet remain undetectable because of humancaused limitations false positives every possible biosignature is associated with its own set of unique false positive mechanisms or nonbiological processes that can mimic the detectable feature of a biosignature an important example is using oxygen as a biosignature on earth the majority of life is centred around oxygen it is a byproduct of photosynthesis and is subsequently used by other life forms to breathe oxygen is also readily detectable in spectra with multiple bands across a relatively wide wavelength range therefore it makes a very good biosignature however finding oxygen alone in a planets atmosphere is not enough to confirm a biosignature because of the falsepositive mechanisms associated with it one possibility is that oxygen can build up abiotically via photolysis if there is a low inventory of noncondensable gasses or if it loses a lot of water finding and distinguishing a biosignature from its potential falsepositive mechanisms is one of the most complicated parts of testing for viability because it relies on human ingenuity to break an abioticbiological degeneracy if nature allows false negatives opposite to false positives false negative biosignatures arise in a scenario where life may be present on another planet but some processes on that planet make potential biosignatures undetectable this is an ongoing problem and area of research in preparation for future telescopes that will be capable of observing exoplanetary atmospheres human limitations there are many ways in which humans may limit the viability'</li></ul>
17	<ul><li>'ice began in 1950 with several expeditions using this drilling approach that year the epf drilled holes of 126 m and 151 m at camp vi and station centrale respectively with a rotary rig with no drilling fluid cores were retrieved from both holes a hole 30 m deep was drilled by a oneton plunger which produced a hole 08 m in diameter which allowed a man to be lowered into the hole to study the stratigraphy ractmadoux and reynauds thermal drilling on the mer de glace in 1949 was interrupted by crevasses moraines or air pockets so when the expedition returned to the glacier in 1950 they switched to mechanical drilling with a motordriven rotary drill using an auger as the drillbit and completed a 114 m hole before reaching the bed of the glacier at four separate locations the deepest of which was 284 m — a record depth at that time the augers were similar in form to blumcke and hesss auger from the early part of the century and ractmadoux and reynaud made several modifications to the design over the course of their expedition attempts to switch to different drillbits to penetrate moraine material they encountered were unsuccessful and a new hole was begun instead in these cases as with blumcke and hess an air gap that did not allow the water'</li><li>'a slightly greener tint than liquid water since absorption is cumulative the color effect intensifies with increasing thickness or if internal reflections cause the light to take a longer path through the iceother colors can appear in the presence of light absorbing impurities where the impurity is dictating the color rather than the ice itself for instance icebergs containing impurities eg sediments algae air bubbles can appear brown grey or greenbecause ice in natural environments is usually close to its melting temperature its hardness shows pronounced temperature variations at its melting point ice has a mohs hardness of 2 or less but the hardness increases to about 4 at a temperature of −44 °c −47 °f and to 6 at a temperature of −785 °c −1093 °f the vaporization point of solid carbon dioxide dry ice ice may be any one of the as of 2021 nineteen known solid crystalline phases of water or in an amorphous solid state at various densitiesmost liquids under increased pressure freeze at higher temperatures because the pressure helps to hold the molecules together however the strong hydrogen bonds in water make it different for some pressures higher than 1 atm 010 mpa water freezes at a temperature below 0 °c as shown in the phase diagram below the melting of ice under high pressures is thought to contribute to the movement of glaciersice water and water vapour can coexist at the triple point which is exactly 27316 k 001 °c at a pressure of 611657 pa the kelvin was defined as 127316 of the difference between this triple point and absolute zero though this definition changed in may 2019 unlike most other solids ice is difficult to superheat in an experiment ice at −3 °c was superheated to about 17 °c for about 250 picosecondssubjected to higher pressures and varying temperatures ice can form in nineteen separate known crystalline phases with care at least fifteen of these phases one of the known exceptions being ice x can be recovered at ambient pressure and low temperature in metastable form the types are differentiated by their crystalline structure proton ordering and density there are also two metastable phases of ice under pressure both fully hydrogendisordered these are iv and xii ice xii was discovered in 1996 in 2006 xiii and xiv were discovered ices xi xiii and xiv are hydrogenordered forms of ices ih v and xii respectively in 2009 ice xv was found at extremely high pressures and −143 °c at even higher pressures ice is predicted to become a metal this has been variously estimated to occur at 155 tpa or 562 tpaas well as'</li><li>'borehole has petrophysical measurements made of the wall rocks and these measurements are repeated along the length of the core then the two data sets correlated one will almost universally find that the depth of record for a particular piece of core differs between the two methods of measurement which set of measurements to believe then becomes a matter of policy for the client in an industrial setting or of great controversy in a context without an overriding authority recording that there are discrepancies for whatever reason retains the possibility of correcting an incorrect decision at a later date destroying the incorrect depth data makes it impossible to correct a mistake later any system for retaining and archiving data and core samples needs to be designed so that dissenting opinion like this can be retained if core samples from a campaign are competent it is common practice to slab them – cut the sample into two or more samples longitudinally – quite early in laboratory processing so that one set of samples can be archived early in the analysis sequence as a protection against errors in processing slabbing the core into a 23 and a 13 set is common it is also common for one set to be retained by the main customer while the second set goes to the government who often impose a condition for such donation as a condition of exploration exploitation licensing slabbing also has the benefit of preparing a flat smooth surface for examination and testing of profile permeability which is very much easier to work with than the typically rough curved surface of core samples when theyre fresh from the coring equipment photography of raw and slabbed core surfaces is routine often under both natural and ultraviolet light a unit of length occasionally used in the literature on seabed cores is cmbsf an abbreviation for centimeters below sea floor the technique of coring long predates attempts to drill into the earth ’ s mantle by the deep sea drilling program the value to oceanic and other geologic history of obtaining cores over a wide area of sea floors soon became apparent core sampling by many scientific and exploratory organizations expanded rapidly to date hundreds of thousands of core samples have been collected from floors of all the planets oceans and many of its inland waters access to many of these samples is facilitated by the index to marine lacustrine geological samples coring began as a method of sampling surroundings of ore deposits and oil exploration it soon expanded to oceans lakes ice mud soil and wood cores on very old trees give information about their growth rings without destroying the tree cores indicate variations of climate species and sedimentary composition during geologic history the dynamic phenomena of the earths surface are for the most part cyclical in a number of ways especially temperature'</li></ul>
0	<ul><li>'##m and henry developed the analogy between electricity and acoustics the twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large body of scientific knowledge that was by then in place the first such application was sabines groundbreaking work in architectural acoustics and many others followed underwater acoustics was used for detecting submarines in the first world war sound recording and the telephone played important roles in a global transformation of society sound measurement and analysis reached new levels of accuracy and sophistication through the use of electronics and computing the ultrasonic frequency range enabled wholly new kinds of application in medicine and industry new kinds of transducers generators and receivers of acoustic energy were invented and put to use acoustics is defined by ansiasa s112013 as a science of sound including its production transmission and effects including biological and psychological effects b those qualities of a room that together determine its character with respect to auditory effects the study of acoustics revolves around the generation propagation and reception of mechanical waves and vibrations the steps shown in the above diagram can be found in any acoustical event or process there are many kinds of cause both natural and volitional there are many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from some other form into sonic energy producing a sound wave there is one fundamental equation that describes sound wave propagation the acoustic wave equation but the phenomena that emerge from it are varied and often complex the wave carries energy throughout the propagating medium eventually this energy is transduced again into other forms in ways that again may be natural andor volitionally contrived the final effect may be purely physical or it may reach far into the biological or volitional domains the five basic steps are found equally well whether we are talking about an earthquake a submarine using sonar to locate its foe or a band playing in a rock concert the central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation this falls within the domain of physical acoustics in fluids sound propagates primarily as a pressure wave in solids mechanical waves can take many forms including longitudinal waves transverse waves and surface waves acoustics looks first at the pressure levels and frequencies in the sound wave and how the wave interacts with the environment this interaction can be described as either a diffraction interference or a reflection or a mix of the three if several media are present a refraction can also occur transduction processes are also of special importance to acoustics in fluids such as air and water sound waves propagate as disturbances in the ambient pressure level while this disturbance is usually small it is still noticeable to the human ear the smallest sound that a person can hear'</li><li>'##mhzcdot textcmrightcdot ell textcmcdot textftextmhz attenuation is linearly dependent on the medium length and attenuation coefficient as well as – approximately – the frequency of the incident ultrasound beam for biological tissue while for simpler media such as air the relationship is quadratic attenuation coefficients vary widely for different media in biomedical ultrasound imaging however biological materials and water are the most commonly used media the attenuation coefficients of common biological materials at a frequency of 1 mhz are listed below there are two general ways of acoustic energy losses absorption and scattering ultrasound propagation through homogeneous media is associated only with absorption and can be characterized with absorption coefficient only propagation through heterogeneous media requires taking into account scattering shortwave radiation emitted from the sun have wavelengths in the visible spectrum of light that range from 360 nm violet to 750 nm red when the suns radiation reaches the sea surface the shortwave radiation is attenuated by the water and the intensity of light decreases exponentially with water depth the intensity of light at depth can be calculated using the beerlambert law in clear midocean waters visible light is absorbed most strongly at the longest wavelengths thus red orange and yellow wavelengths are totally absorbed at shallower depths while blue and violet wavelengths reach deeper in the water column because the blue and violet wavelengths are absorbed least compared to the other wavelengths openocean waters appear deep blue to the eye near the shore coastal water contains more phytoplankton than the very clear midocean waters chlorophylla pigments in the phytoplankton absorb light and the plants themselves scatter light making coastal waters less clear than midocean waters chlorophylla absorbs light most strongly in the shortest wavelengths blue and violet of the visible spectrum in coastal waters where high concentrations of phytoplankton occur the green wavelength reaches the deepest in the water column and the color of water appears bluegreen or green the energy with which an earthquake affects a location depends on the running distance the attenuation in the signal of ground motion intensity plays an important role in the assessment of possible strong groundshaking a seismic wave loses energy as it propagates through the earth seismic attenuation this phenomenon is tied into the dispersion of the seismic energy with the distance there are two types of dissipated energy geometric dispersion caused by distribution of the seismic energy to greater volumes dispersion as heat also called intrinsic attenuation or anelastic attenuationin porous fluid — saturated sedimentary'</li><li>'in acoustics acoustic attenuation is a measure of the energy loss of sound propagation through an acoustic transmission medium most media have viscosity and are therefore not ideal media when sound propagates in such media there is always thermal consumption of energy caused by viscosity this effect can be quantified through the stokess law of sound attenuation sound attenuation may also be a result of heat conductivity in the media as has been shown by g kirchhoff in 1868 the stokeskirchhoff attenuation formula takes into account both viscosity and thermal conductivity effects for heterogeneous media besides media viscosity acoustic scattering is another main reason for removal of acoustic energy acoustic attenuation in a lossy medium plays an important role in many scientific researches and engineering fields such as medical ultrasonography vibration and noise reduction many experimental and field measurements show that the acoustic attenuation coefficient of a wide range of viscoelastic materials such as soft tissue polymers soil and porous rock can be expressed as the following power law with respect to frequency p x δ x p x e − α ω δ x α ω α 0 ω η displaystyle pxdelta xpxealpha omega delta xalpha omega alpha 0omega eta where ω displaystyle omega is the angular frequency p the pressure δ x displaystyle delta x the wave propagation distance α ω displaystyle alpha omega the attenuation coefficient and α 0 displaystyle alpha 0 and the frequencydependent exponent η displaystyle eta are real nonnegative material parameters obtained by fitting experimental data the value of η displaystyle eta ranges from 0 to 4 acoustic attenuation in water is frequencysquared dependent namely η 2 displaystyle eta 2 acoustic attenuation in many metals and crystalline materials is frequencyindependent namely η 1 displaystyle eta 1 in contrast it is widely noted that the η displaystyle eta of viscoelastic materials is between 0 and 2 for example the exponent η displaystyle eta of sediment soil and rock is about 1 and the exponent η displaystyle eta of most soft tissues is between 1 and 2the classical dissipative acoustic wave propagation equations are confined to the frequencyindependent and frequencysquared dependent attenuation such as the damped wave equation and the approximate thermoviscous wave equation in recent decades increasing attention and efforts have been focused on developing accurate models to describe general power law frequencydependent acoustic attenuation most of these recent frequencydependent models are established via'</li></ul>
15	<ul><li>'native species including the allen cays rock iguana and audubons shearwater since 2008 island conservation and the us fish and wildlife service usfws have worked together to remove invasive vertebrates from desecheo national wildlife refuge in puerto rico primarily benefiting the higo chumbo cactus three endemic reptiles two endemic invertebrates and to recover globally significant seabird colonies of brown boobies red footed boobies and bridled terns future work will focus on important seabird populations key reptile groups including west indian rock iguanas and the restoration of mona island alto velo and offshore cays in the puerto rican bank and the bahamas key partnerships include the usfws puerto rico dner the bahamas national trust and the dominican republic ministry of environment and natural resources in this region island conservation works primarily in ecuador and chile in ecuador the rabida island restoration project was completed in 2010 a gecko phyllodactylus sp found during monitoring in late 2012 was only recorded from subfossils estimated at more than 5700 years old live rabida island endemic land snails bulimulus naesiotus rabidensis not seen since collected over 100 years ago were also collected in late 2012 this was followed in 2012 by the pinzon and plaza sur island restoration project primarily benefiting the pinzon giant tortoise opuntia galapageia galapagos land iguana as a result of the project pinzon giant tortoise hatched from eggs and were surviving in the wild for the first time in more than 150 years in 2019 the directorate of galapagos national park with island conservation used drones to eradicate invasive rats from north seymour island this was the first time such an approach has been used on vertebrates in the wild the expectation is that this innovation will pave the way for cheaper invasive species eradications in the future on small and midsized islands the current focus in ecuador is floreana island with 55 iucn threatened species present and 13 extirpated species that could be reintroduced after invasive mammals are eradicated partners include the leona m and harry b helmsley charitable trust ministry of environment galapagos national park directorate galapagos biosecurity agency the ministry of agriculture the floreana parish council and the galapagos government council in 2009 chile island conservation initiated formal collaborations with conaf the countrys protected areas agency to further restoration of islands under their administration in january 2014 the choros island restoration project was completed benefiting the humboldt penguin peruvian diving petrel and the local ecotourism'</li><li>'ligase or chloroform extraction of dna may be necessary for electroporation alternatively only use a tenth of the ligation mixture to reduce the amount of contaminants normal preparation of competent cells can yield transformation efficiency ranging from 106 to 108 cfuμg dna protocols for chemical method however exist for making super competent cells that may yield a transformation efficiency of over 1 x 109damage to dna – exposure of dna to uv radiation in standard preparative agarose gel electrophoresis procedure for as little as 45 seconds can damage the dna and this can significantly reduce the transformation efficiency adding cytidine or guanosine to the electrophoresis buffer at 1 mm concentration however may protect the dna from damage a higherwavelength uv radiation 365 nm which cause less damage to dna should be used if it is necessary work for work on the dna on a uv transilluminator for an extended period of time this longer wavelength uv produces weaker fluorescence with the ethidium bromide intercalated into the dna therefore if it is necessary to capture images of the dna bands a shorter wavelength 302 or 312 nm uv radiations may be used such exposure however should be limited to a very short time if the dna is to be recovered later for ligation and transformation the method used for introducing the dna have a significant impact on the transformation efficiency electroporation tends to be more efficient than chemical methods and can be applied to a wide range of species and to strains that were previously resistant and recalcitrant to transformation techniqueselectroporation has been found to have an average yield typically between 104 108 cfuug however a transformation efficiencies as high as 055 x 1010 colony forming units cfu per microgram of dna for e coli for samples that are hard to handle like cdna libraries gdna and plasmids larger than 30 kb it is suggested to use electrocompetent cells that have transformation efficiencies of over 1 x 1010 cfuµg this will ensure a high success rate in introducing the dna and forming a large number of colonies it is important to adjust and optimize the electroporation buffer increasing the concentration of the electroporation buffer can result in increased transformation efficiencies and the shape strength number and number of pulses these electrical parameters play a key role in transformation efficiency chemical transformation or heat shock can be performed in a simple laboratory setup typically yielding transformation efficiencies that are adequate for cloning and subcloning applications approximately 106 cfuµ'</li><li>'at least one gene that affects isolation such that substituting one chromosome from a line of low isolation with another of high isolation reduces the hybridization frequency in addition interactions between chromosomes are detected so that certain combinations of the chromosomes have a multiplying effect cross incompatibility or incongruence in plants is also determined by major genes that are not associated at the selfincompatibility s locus reproductive isolation between species appears in certain cases a long time after fertilization and the formation of the zygote as happens – for example – in the twin species drosophila pavani and d gaucha the hybrids between both species are not sterile in the sense that they produce viable gametes ovules and spermatozoa however they cannot produce offspring as the sperm of the hybrid male do not survive in the semen receptors of the females be they hybrids or from the parent lines in the same way the sperm of the males of the two parent species do not survive in the reproductive tract of the hybrid female this type of postcopulatory isolation appears as the most efficient system for maintaining reproductive isolation in many speciesthe development of a zygote into an adult is a complex and delicate process of interactions between genes and the environment that must be carried out precisely and if there is any alteration in the usual process caused by the absence of a necessary gene or the presence of a different one it can arrest the normal development causing the nonviability of the hybrid or its sterility it should be borne in mind that half of the chromosomes and genes of a hybrid are from one species and the other half come from the other if the two species are genetically different there is little possibility that the genes from both will act harmoniously in the hybrid from this perspective only a few genes would be required in order to bring about post copulatory isolation as opposed to the situation described previously for precopulatory isolationin many species where precopulatory reproductive isolation does not exist hybrids are produced but they are of only one sex this is the case for the hybridization between females of drosophila simulans and drosophila melanogaster males the hybridized females die early in their development so that only males are seen among the offspring however populations of d simulans have been recorded with genes that permit the development of adult hybrid females that is the viability of the females is rescued it is assumed that the normal activity of these speciation genes is to inhibit the expression of the genes that allow the growth of the hybrid there'</li></ul>
29	<ul><li>'##gat rises and pressure differences force the saline water from the north sea through the narrow danish straits into the baltic sea throughout the entire inflow process the baltic seas water level rises on average by about 59 cm with 38 cm occurring during the preparatory period and 21 cm during the actual saline inflow the mbi itself typically lasts for 7 – 8 days the formation of an mbi requires specific relatively rare weather conditions between 1897 and 1976 approximately 90 mbis were observed averaging about one per year occasionally there are even multiyear periods without any mbis occurring large inflows that effectively renew the deep basin waters occur on average only once every ten yearsvery large mbis have occurred in 1897 330 km3 1906 300 km3 1922 510 km3 1951 510 km3 199394 300 km3 and 20142015 300 km3 large mbis have on the other hand been observed in 1898 twice 1900 1902 twice 1914 1921 1925 1926 1960 1965 1969 1973 1976 and 2003 the mbi that started in 2014 was by far the third largest mbi in the baltic sea only the inflows of 1951 and 19211922 were larger than itpreviously it was believed that there had been a genuine decline in the number of mbis after 1980 but recent studies have changed our understanding of the occurrence of saline inflows especially after the lightship gedser rev discontinued regular salinity measurements in the belt sea in 1976 the picture of the inflows based on salinity measurements remained incomplete at the leibniz institute for baltic sea research warnemunde germany an updated time series has been compiled filling in the gaps in observations and covering major baltic inflows and various smaller inflow events of saline water from around 1890 to the present day the updated time series is based on direct discharge data from the darss sill and no longer shows a clear change in the frequency or intensity of saline inflows instead there is cyclical variation in the intensity of mbis at approximately 30year intervals major baltic inflows mbis are the only natural phenomenon capable of oxygenating the deep saline waters of the baltic sea making their occurrence crucial for the ecological state of the sea the salinity and oxygen from mbis significantly impact the baltic seas ecosystems including the reproductive conditions of marine fish species such as cod the distribution of freshwater and marine species and the overall biodiversity of the baltic seathe heavy saline water brought in by mbis slowly advances along the seabed of the baltic proper at a pace of a few kilometers per day displacing the deep water from one basin to another'</li><li>'is measured in watts and is given by the solar constant times the crosssectional area of the earth corresponded to the radiation because the surface area of a sphere is four times the crosssectional area of a sphere ie the area of a circle the globally and yearly averaged toa flux is one quarter of the solar constant and so is approximately 340 watts per square meter wm2 since the absorption varies with location as well as with diurnal seasonal and annual variations the numbers quoted are multiyear averages obtained from multiple satellite measurementsof the 340 wm2 of solar radiation received by the earth an average of 77 wm2 is reflected back to space by clouds and the atmosphere and 23 wm2 is reflected by the surface albedo leaving 240 wm2 of solar energy input to the earths energy budget this amount is called the absorbed solar radiation asr it implies a value of about 03 for the mean net albedo of earth also called its bond albedo a a s r 1 − a × 340 w m − 2 [UNK] 240 w m − 2 displaystyle asr1atimes 340mathrm w mathrm m 2simeq 240mathrm w mathrm m 2 thermal energy leaves the planet in the form of outgoing longwave radiation olr longwave radiation is electromagnetic thermal radiation emitted by earths surface and atmosphere longwave radiation is in the infrared band but the terms are not synonymous as infrared radiation can be either shortwave or longwave sunlight contains significant amounts of shortwave infrared radiation a threshold wavelength of 4 microns is sometimes used to distinguish longwave and shortwave radiation generally absorbed solar energy is converted to different forms of heat energy some of the solar energy absorbed by the surface is converted to thermal radiation at wavelengths in the atmospheric window this radiation is able to pass through the atmosphere unimpeded and directly escape to space contributing to olr the remainder of absorbed solar energy is transported upwards through the atmosphere through a variety of heat transfer mechanisms until the atmosphere emits that energy as thermal energy which is able to escape to space again contributing to olr for example heat is transported into the atmosphere via evapotranspiration and latent heat fluxes or conductionconvection processes as well as via radiative heat transport ultimately all outgoing energy is radiated into space in the form of longwave radiation the transport of longwave radiation from earths surface through its multilayered atmosphere is governed by radiative transfer equations such as schwarzschilds equation for radiative transfer or more complex equations if scattering is present and'</li><li>'ions already in the ocean combine with some of the hydrogen ions to make further bicarbonate thus the oceans concentration of carbonate ions is reduced removing an essential building block for marine organisms to build shells or calcify ca2 co2−3 ⇌ caco3the increase in concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide and bicarbonate and reduction in carbonate are shown in the bjerrum plot the saturation state known as ω of seawater for a mineral is a measure of the thermodynamic potential for the mineral to form or to dissolve and for calcium carbonate is described by the following equation ω ca 2 co 3 2 − k s p displaystyle omega frac leftce ca2rightleftce co32rightksp here ω is the product of the concentrations or activities of the reacting ions that form the mineral ca2 and co32− divided by the apparent solubility product at equilibrium ksp that is when the rates of precipitation and dissolution are equal in seawater dissolution boundary is formed as a result of temperature pressure and depth and is known as the saturation horizon above this saturation horizon ω has a value greater than 1 and caco3 does not readily dissolve most calcifying organisms live in such waters below this depth ω has a value less than 1 and caco3 will dissolve the carbonate compensation depth is the ocean depth at which carbonate dissolution balances the supply of carbonate to sea floor therefore sediment below this depth will be void of calcium carbonate increasing co2 levels and the resulting lower ph of seawater decreases the concentration of co32− and the saturation state of caco3 therefore increasing caco3 dissolution calcium carbonate most commonly occurs in two common polymorphs crystalline forms aragonite and calcite aragonite is much more soluble than calcite so the aragonite saturation horizon and aragonite compensation depth is always nearer to the surface than the calcite saturation horizon this also means that those organisms that produce aragonite may be more vulnerable to changes in ocean acidity than those that produce calcite ocean acidification and the resulting decrease in carbonate saturation states raise the saturation horizons of both forms closer to the surface this decrease in saturation state is one of the main factors leading to decreased calcification in marine organisms because the inorganic precipitation of caco3 is directly proportional to its saturation state and calcifying organisms exhibit stress in waters with lower saturation states already now large quantities of water undersaturated in aragonite are upwelling close to the pacific continental shelf area of north america from vancouver to northern'</li></ul>
28	<ul><li>'– 20 pdf acta univ apulensis pp 21 – 38 pdf acta univ apulensis matveev andrey o 2017 farey sequences duality and maps between subsequences berlin de de gruyter isbn 9783110546620 errata code'</li><li>'a000330 1 2 2 2 [UNK] n 2 1 3 b 0 n 3 3 b 1 n 2 3 b 2 n 1 1 3 n 3 3 2 n 2 1 2 n displaystyle 1222cdots n2frac 13b0n33b1n23b2n1tfrac 13leftn3tfrac 32n2tfrac 12nright some authors use the alternate convention for bernoulli numbers and state bernoullis formula in this way s m n 1 m 1 [UNK] k 0 m − 1 k m 1 k b k − n m 1 − k displaystyle smnfrac 1m1sum k0m1kbinom m1kbknm1k bernoullis formula is sometimes called faulhabers formula after johann faulhaber who also found remarkable ways to calculate sums of powers faulhabers formula was generalized by v guo and j zeng to a qanalog the bernoulli numbers appear in the taylor series expansion of many trigonometric functions and hyperbolic functions the bernoulli numbers appear in the following laurent seriesdigamma function ψ z ln z − [UNK] k 1 ∞ b k k z k displaystyle psi zln zsum k1infty frac bkkzk the kervaire – milnor formula for the order of the cyclic group of diffeomorphism classes of exotic 4n − 1spheres which bound parallelizable manifolds involves bernoulli numbers let esn be the number of such exotic spheres for n ≥ 2 then es n 2 2 n − 2 − 2 4 n − 3 numerator b 4 n 4 n displaystyle textit esn22n224n3operatorname numerator leftfrac b4n4nright the hirzebruch signature theorem for the l genus of a smooth oriented closed manifold of dimension 4n also involves bernoulli numbers the connection of the bernoulli number to various kinds of combinatorial numbers is based on the classical theory of finite differences and on the combinatorial interpretation of the bernoulli numbers as an instance of a fundamental combinatorial principle the inclusion – exclusion principle the definition to proceed with was developed by julius worpitzky in 1883 besides elementary arithmetic only the factorial function n and the power function km is employed the signless worpitzky numbers are defined as w n k [UNK] v 0 k − 1 v k v 1 n k v k − v displays'</li><li>'enough to know they exist and have certain properties using the pigeonhole principle thue and later siegel managed to prove the existence of auxiliary functions which for example took the value zero at many different points or took high order zeros at a smaller collection of points moreover they proved it was possible to construct such functions without making the functions too large their auxiliary functions were not explicit functions then but by knowing that a certain function with certain properties existed they used its properties to simplify the transcendence proofs of the nineteenth century and give several new resultsthis method was picked up on and used by several other mathematicians including alexander gelfond and theodor schneider who used it independently to prove the gelfond – schneider theorem alan baker also used the method in the 1960s for his work on linear forms in logarithms and ultimately bakers theorem another example of the use of this method from the 1960s is outlined below let β equal the cube root of ba in the equation ax3 bx3 c and assume m is an integer that satisfies m 1 2n3 ≥ m ≥ 3 where n is a positive integer then there exists f x y p x y ∗ q x displaystyle fxypxyqx such that [UNK] i 0 m n u i x i p x displaystyle sum i0mnuixipx [UNK] i 0 m n v i x i q x displaystyle sum i0mnvixiqx the auxiliary polynomial theorem states max 0 ≤ i ≤ m n u i v i ≤ 2 b 9 m n displaystyle max 0leq ileq mnuivileq 2b9mn in the 1960s serge lang proved a result using this nonexplicit form of auxiliary functions the theorem implies both the hermite – lindemann and gelfond – schneider theorems the theorem deals with a number field k and meromorphic functions f1fn of order at most ρ at least two of which are algebraically independent and such that if we differentiate any of these functions then the result is a polynomial in all of the functions under these hypotheses the theorem states that if there are m distinct complex numbers ω1ωm such that fi ωj is in k for all combinations of i and j then m is bounded by m ≤ 20 ρ k q displaystyle mleq 20rho kmathbb q to prove the result lang took two algebraically independent functions from f1fn say f and g and then created an auxiliary function which was simply a polynomial f in f and g this auxiliary function could'</li></ul>
16	<ul><li>'physiographic regions are a means of defining earths landforms into distinct mutually exclusive areas independent of political boundaries it is based upon the classic threetiered approach by nevin m fenneman in 1916 that separates landforms into physiographic divisions physiographic provinces and physiographic sectionsthe classification mechanism has become a popular geographical tool in the united states indicated by the publication of a usgs shapefile that maps the regions of the original work and the national park servicess use of the terminology to describe the regions in which its parks are locatedoriginally used in north america the model became the basis for similar classifications of other continents during the early 1900s the study of regionalscale geomorphology was termed physiography physiography later was considered to be a portmanteau of physical and geography and therefore synonymous with physical geography and the concept became embroiled in controversy surrounding the appropriate concerns of that discipline some geomorphologists held to a geological basis for physiography and emphasized a concept of physiographic regions while a conflicting trend among geographers was to equate physiography with pure morphology separated from its geological heritage in the period following world war ii the emergence of process climatic and quantitative studies led to a preference by many earth scientists for the term geomorphology in order to suggest an analytical approach to landscapes rather than a descriptive one in current usage physiography still lends itself to confusion as to which meaning is meant the more specialized geomorphological definition or the more encompassing physical geography definition for the purposes of physiographic mapping landforms are classified according to both their geologic structures and histories distinctions based on geologic age also correspond to physiographic distinctions where the forms are so recent as to be in their first erosion cycle as is generally the case with sheets of glacial drift generally forms which result from similar histories are characterized by certain similar features and differences in history result in corresponding differences of form usually resulting in distinctive features which are obvious to the casual observer but this is not always the case a maturely dissected plateau may grade without a break from rugged mountains on the one hand to mildly rolling farm lands on the other so also forms which are not classified together may be superficially similar for example a young coastal plain and a peneplain in a large number of cases the boundary lines are also geologic lines due to differences in the nature or structure of the underlying rocks the history of physiography itself is at best a complicated effort much of'</li><li>'tightly packed array of narrow individual beams provides very high angular resolution and accuracy in general a wide swath which is depth dependent allows a boat to map more seafloor in less time than a singlebeam echosounder by making fewer passes the beams update many times per second typically 01 – 50 hz depending on water depth allowing faster boat speed while maintaining 100 coverage of the seafloor attitude sensors allow for the correction of the boats roll and pitch on the ocean surface and a gyrocompass provides accurate heading information to correct for vessel yaw most modern mbes systems use an integrated motionsensor and position system that measures yaw as well as the other dynamics and position a boatmounted global positioning system gps or other global navigation satellite system gnss positions the soundings with respect to the surface of the earth sound speed profiles speed of sound in water as a function of depth of the water column correct for refraction or raybending of the sound waves owing to nonuniform water column characteristics such as temperature conductivity and pressure a computer system processes all the data correcting for all of the above factors as well as for the angle of each individual beam the resulting sounding measurements are then processed either manually semiautomatically or automatically in limited circumstances to produce a map of the area as of 2010 a number of different outputs are generated including a subset of the original measurements that satisfy some conditions eg most representative likely soundings shallowest in a region etc or integrated digital terrain models dtm eg a regular or irregular grid of points connected into a surface historically selection of measurements was more common in hydrographic applications while dtm construction was used for engineering surveys geology flow modeling etc since c 2003 – 2005 dtms have become more accepted in hydrographic practice satellites are also used to measure bathymetry satellite radar maps deepsea topography by detecting the subtle variations in sea level caused by the gravitational pull of undersea mountains ridges and other masses on average sea level is higher over mountains and ridges than over abyssal plains and trenchesin the united states the united states army corps of engineers performs or commissions most surveys of navigable inland waterways while the national oceanic and atmospheric administration noaa performs the same role for ocean waterways coastal bathymetry data is available from noaas national geophysical data center ngdc which is now merged into national centers for environmental information bathymetric data is usually referenced to tidal vertical datums for deepwater bathymetry this is typically mean sea level msl but most data used for nautical charting is referenced to mean lower low water mllw in'</li><li>'the term stream power law describes a semiempirical family of equations used to predict the rate of erosion of a river into its bed these combine equations describing conservation of water mass and momentum in streams with relations for channel hydraulic geometry widthdischarge scaling and basin hydrology dischargearea scaling and an assumed dependency of erosion rate on either unit stream power or shear stress on the bed to produce a simplified description of erosion rate as a function of power laws of upstream drainage area a and channel slope s e k a m s n displaystyle ekamsn where e is erosion rate and k m and n are positive the value of these parameters depends on the assumptions made but all forms of the law can be expressed in this basic form the parameters k m and n are not necessarily constant but rather may vary as functions of the assumed scaling laws erosion process bedrock erodibility climate sediment flux andor erosion threshold however observations of the hydraulic scaling of real rivers believed to be in erosional steady state indicate that the ratio mn should be around 05 which provides a basic test of the applicability of each formulationalthough consisting of the product of two power laws the term stream power law refers to the derivation of the early forms of the equation from assumptions of erosion dependency on stream power rather than to the presence of power laws in the equation this relation is not a true scientific law but rather a heuristic description of erosion processes based on previously observed scaling relations which may or may not be applicable in any given natural setting the stream power law is an example of a one dimensional advection equation more specifically a hyperbolic partial differential equation typically the equation is used to simulate propagating incision pulses creating discontinuities or knickpoints in the river profile commonly used first order finite difference methods to solve the stream power law may result in significant numerical diffusion which can be prevented by the use of analytical solutions or higher order numerical schemes'</li></ul>
40	<ul><li>'##regular open set is the set u 01 ∪ 12 in r with its normal topology since 1 is in the interior of the closure of u but not in u the regular open subsets of a space form a complete boolean algebra relatively compact a subset y of a space x is relatively compact in x if the closure of y in x is compact residual if x is a space and a is a subset of x then a is residual in x if the complement of a is meagre in x also called comeagre or comeager resolvable a topological space is called resolvable if it is expressible as the union of two disjoint dense subsets rimcompact a space is rimcompact if it has a base of open sets whose boundaries are compact sspace an sspace is a hereditarily separable space which is not hereditarily lindelofscattered a space x is scattered if every nonempty subset a of x contains a point isolated in ascott the scott topology on a poset is that in which the open sets are those upper sets inaccessible by directed joinssecond category see meagresecondcountable a space is secondcountable or perfectly separable if it has a countable base for its topology every secondcountable space is firstcountable separable and lindelofsemilocally simply connected a space x is semilocally simply connected if for every point x in x there is a neighbourhood u of x such that every loop at x in u is homotopic in x to the constant loop x every simply connected space and every locally simply connected space is semilocally simply connected compare with locally simply connected here the homotopy is allowed to live in x whereas in the definition of locally simply connected the homotopy must live in usemiopen a subset a of a topological space x is called semiopen if a ⊆ cl x int x a displaystyle asubseteq operatorname cl xleftoperatorname int xaright semipreopen a subset a of a topological space x is called semipreopen if a ⊆ cl x int x cl x a displaystyle asubseteq operatorname cl xleftoperatorname int xleftoperatorname cl xarightright semiregular a space is semiregular if the regular open sets form a baseseparable a space is separable if it has a countable dense subsetseparated two sets a and'</li><li>'not necessarily equivalent the most useful notion — and the standard definition of the unqualified term compactness — is phrased in terms of the existence of finite families of open sets that cover the space in the sense that each point of the space lies in some set contained in the family this more subtle notion introduced by pavel alexandrov and pavel urysohn in 1929 exhibits compact spaces as generalizations of finite sets in spaces that are compact in this sense it is often possible to patch together information that holds locally – that is in a neighborhood of each point – into corresponding statements that hold throughout the space and many theorems are of this character the term compact set is sometimes used as a synonym for compact space but also often refers to a compact subspace of a topological space in the 19th century several disparate mathematical properties were understood that would later be seen as consequences of compactness on the one hand bernard bolzano 1817 had been aware that any bounded sequence of points in the line or plane for instance has a subsequence that must eventually get arbitrarily close to some other point called a limit point bolzanos proof relied on the method of bisection the sequence was placed into an interval that was then divided into two equal parts and a part containing infinitely many terms of the sequence was selected the process could then be repeated by dividing the resulting smaller interval into smaller and smaller parts – until it closes down on the desired limit point the full significance of bolzanos theorem and its method of proof would not emerge until almost 50 years later when it was rediscovered by karl weierstrassin the 1880s it became clear that results similar to the bolzano – weierstrass theorem could be formulated for spaces of functions rather than just numbers or geometrical points the idea of regarding functions as themselves points of a generalized space dates back to the investigations of giulio ascoli and cesare arzela the culmination of their investigations the arzela – ascoli theorem was a generalization of the bolzano – weierstrass theorem to families of continuous functions the precise conclusion of which was that it was possible to extract a uniformly convergent sequence of functions from a suitable family of functions the uniform limit of this sequence then played precisely the same role as bolzanos limit point towards the beginning of the twentieth century results similar to that of arzela and ascoli began to accumulate in the area of integral equations as investigated by david hilbert and erhard schmidt for a certain class of greens functions coming from solutions'</li><li>'also holds for dmodules if x s x and s are smooth varieties but f and g need not be flat or proper etc there is a quasiisomorphism g † [UNK] f f → [UNK] f ′ g ′ † f displaystyle gdagger int fmathcal fto int fgdagger mathcal f where − † displaystyle dagger and [UNK] displaystyle int denote the inverse and direct image functors for dmodules for etale torsion sheaves f displaystyle mathcal f there are two base change results referred to as proper and smooth base change respectively base change holds if f x → s displaystyle fxrightarrow s is proper it also holds if g is smooth provided that f is quasicompact and provided that the torsion of f displaystyle mathcal f is prime to the characteristic of the residue fields of xclosely related to proper base change is the following fact the two theorems are usually proved simultaneously let x be a variety over a separably closed field and f displaystyle mathcal f a constructible sheaf on x et displaystyle xtextet then h r x f displaystyle hrxmathcal f are finite in each of the following cases x is complete or f displaystyle mathcal f has no ptorsion where p is the characteristic of kunder additional assumptions deninger 1988 extended the proper base change theorem to nontorsion etale sheaves in close analogy to the topological situation mentioned above the base change map for an open immersion f g ∗ f ∗ f → f ∗ ′ g ′ ∗ f displaystyle gfmathcal fto fgmathcal f is not usually an isomorphism instead the extension by zero functor f displaystyle f satisfies an isomorphism g ∗ f f → f ′ g ∗ f displaystyle gfmathcal fto fgmathcal f this fact and the proper base change suggest to define the direct image functor with compact support for a map f by r f r p ∗ j displaystyle rfrpj where f p ∘ j displaystyle fpcirc j is a compactification of f ie a factorization into an open immersion followed by a proper map the proper base change theorem is needed to show that this is welldefined ie independent up to isomorphism of the choice of the compactification moreover again in analogy to the case of sheaves on a topological space a base change formula for g ∗ displaystyle g vs r f displaystyle rf does hold for nonproper maps f for the'</li></ul>
30	<ul><li>'of mtor inhibitors for the treatment of cancer was not successful at that time since then rapamycin has also shown to be effective for preventing coronary artery restenosis and for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases the development of rapamycin as an anticancer agent began again in the 1990s with the discovery of temsirolimus cci779 this novel soluble rapamycin derivative had a favorable toxicological profile in animals more rapamycin derivatives with improved pharmacokinetics and reduced immunosuppressive effects have since then been developed for the treatment of cancer these rapalogs include temsirolimus cci779 everolimus rad001 and ridaforolimus ap23573 which are being evaluated in cancer clinical trials rapamycin analogs have similar therapeutic effects as rapamycin however they have improved hydrophilicity and can be used for oral and intravenous administration in 2012 national cancer institute listed more than 200 clinical trials testing the anticancer activity of rapalogs both as monotherapy or as a part of combination therapy for many cancer typesrapalogs which are the first generation mtor inhibitors have proven effective in a range of preclinical models however the success in clinical trials is limited to only a few rare cancers animal and clinical studies show that rapalogs are primarily cytostatic and therefore effective as disease stabilizers rather than for regression the response rate in solid tumors where rapalogs have been used as a singleagent therapy have been modest due to partial mtor inhibition as mentioned before rapalogs are not sufficient for achieving a broad and robust anticancer effect at least when used as monotherapyanother reason for the limited success is that there is a feedback loop between mtorc1 and akt in certain tumor cells it seems that mtorc1 inhibition by rapalogs fails to repress a negative feedback loop that results in phosphorylation and activation of akt these limitations have led to the development of the second generation of mtor inhibitors rapamycin and rapalogs rapamycin derivatives are small molecule inhibitors which have been evaluated as anticancer agents the rapalogs have more favorable pharmacokinetic profile compared to rapamycin the parent drug despite the same binding sites for mtor and fkbp12 sirolimus the bacterial natural product rapamycin or sirolimus a cytostatic agent has been used in combination therapy with corticosteroids'</li><li>'is appropriate typically either a baseline survey or a design survey of functional areas both types of surveys are explained in detail under astm standard e 235604 typically a baseline survey is performed by an epa or state licensed asbestos inspector the baseline survey provides the buyer with sufficient information on presumed asbestos at the facility often which leads to reduction in the assessed value of the building due primarily to forthcoming abatement costs note epa neshap national emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants and osha occupational safety and health administration regulations must be consulted in addition to astm standard e 235604 to ensure all statutory requirements are satisfied ex notification requirements for renovationdemolition asbestos is not a material covered under cercla comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability act innocent purchaser defense in some instances the us epa includes asbestos contaminated facilities on the npl superfund buyers should be careful not to purchase facilities even with an astm e 152705 phase i esa completed without a full understanding of all the hazards in a building or at a property without evaluating nonscope astm e 152705 materials such as asbestos lead pcbs mercury radon et al a standard astm e 152705 does not include asbestos surveys as standard practice in 1988 the united states environmental protection agency usepa issued regulations requiring certain us companies to report the asbestos used in their productsa senate subcommittee of the health education labor and pensions committee heard testimony on july 31 2001 regarding the health effects of asbestos members of the public doctors and scientists called for the united states to join other countries in a ban on the productseveral legislative remedies have been considered by the us congress but each time rejected for a variety of reasons in 2005 congress considered but did not pass legislation entitled the fairness in asbestos injury resolution act of 2005 the act would have established a 140 billion trust fund in lieu of litigation but as it would have proactively taken funds held in reserve by bankruptcy trusts manufacturers and insurance companies it was not widely supported either by victims or corporations on april 26 2005 philip j landrigan professor and chair of the department of community and preventive medicine at mount sinai medical center in new york city testified before the us senate committee on the judiciary against this proposed legislation he testified that many of the bills provisions were unsupported by medicine and would unfairly exclude a large number of people who had become ill or died from asbestos the approach to the diagnosis of disease caused by asbestos that is set forth in this bill is not consistent with the diagnostic criteria established by the american thoracic society if the bill is to deliver on'</li><li>'cancer slope factors csf are used to estimate the risk of cancer associated with exposure to a carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic substance a slope factor is an upper bound approximating a 95 confidence limit on the increased cancer risk from a lifetime exposure to an agent by ingestion or inhalation this estimate usually expressed in units of proportion of a population affected per mg of substancekg body weightday is generally reserved for use in the lowdose region of the doseresponse relationship that is for exposures corresponding to risks less than 1 in 100 slope factors are also referred to as cancer potency factors pf for carcinogens it is commonly assumed that a small number of molecular events may evoke changes in a single cell that can lead to uncontrolled cellular proliferation and eventually to a clinical diagnosis of cancer this toxicity of carcinogens is referred to as being nonthreshold because there is believed to be essentially no level of exposure that does not pose some probability of producing a carcinogenic response therefore there is no dose that can be considered to be riskfree however some nongenotoxic carcinogens may exhibit a threshold whereby doses lower than the threshold do not invoke a carcinogenic response when evaluating cancer risks of genotoxic carcinogens theoretically an effect threshold cannot be estimated for chemicals that are carcinogens a twopart evaluation to quantify risk is often employed in which the substance first is assigned a weightofevidence classification and then a slope factor is calculated when the chemical is a known or probable human carcinogen a toxicity value that defines quantitatively the relationship between dose and response ie the slope factor is calculated because risk at low exposure levels is difficult to measure directly either by animal experiments or by epidemiologic studies the development of a slope factor generally entails applying a model to the available data set and using the model to extrapolate from the relatively high doses administered to experimental animals or the exposures noted in epidemiologic studies to the lower exposure levels expected for human contact in the environment highquality human data eg high quality epidemiological studies on carcinogens are preferable to animal data when human data are limited the most sensitive species is given the greatest emphasis occasionally in situations where no single study is judged most appropriate yet several studies collectively support the estimate the geometric mean of estimates from all studies may be adopted as the slope this practice ensures the inclusion of all relevant data slope factors are typically calculated for potential carcinogens in classes a b1'</li></ul>

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Task: Text Classification
Library: setfit
Type: mpnet
Created: May 3, 2024
Updated: May 4, 2024