multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1-contrastive-2e-1000samples

udrearobert999/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1-contrastive-2e-1000samples

multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1-contrastive-2e-1000samples is a text classification model from udrearobert999. Use it when you need a label for a piece of text. It is set up for setfit.

This is a SetFit model that can be used for Text Classification. This SetFit model uses sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1 as the Sentence Transformer embedding model. A SetFitHead instance is used for c…

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At a glance

Task: Text Classification
Library: setfit
Model type: mpnet
Access: Public
Created: May 7, 2024
Updated: May 7, 2024
SHA: 8a12b2b5

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Base models

sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1

Model card

From the Hugging Face model README

SetFit with sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1

The model has been trained using an efficient few-shot learning technique that involves:

Fine-tuning a Sentence Transformer with contrastive learning.
Training a classification head with features from the fine-tuned Sentence Transformer.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: SetFit
Sentence Transformer body: sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1
Classification head: a SetFitHead instance
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Number of Classes: 43 classes

Model Sources

Repository: SetFit on GitHub
Paper: Efficient Few-Shot Learning Without Prompts
Blogpost: SetFit: Efficient Few-Shot Learning Without Prompts

Model Labels

Label	Examples
28	<ul><li>'alpha mathbb q sqrt dtusqrt dtuin mathbb q the discriminant δ displaystyle delta of the field q d displaystyle mathbb q sqrt d is defined by δ 4 d if d ≡ 2 or 3 m o d 4 d if d ≡ 1 m o d 4 displaystyle delta begincases4dtext if dequiv 2text or 3mathrm mod 41mmdtext if dequiv 1mathrm mod 4endcases let d = 1 displaystyle dneq 1 be a rational integer without square factors except 1 the set of quadratic algebraic integers of radicand d displaystyle d is denoted by o d displaystyle osqrt d this set is given by o d a b d a b ∈ z if d ≡ 2 or 3 m o d 4 a b d 2 a b ∈ z a ≡ b m o d 2 if d ≡ 1 m o d 4 displaystyle osqrt dbegincasesabsqrt dabin mathbb z text if dequiv 2text or 3mathrm mod 41mmabsqrt d2abin mathbb z aequiv bmathrm mod 2text if dequiv 1mathrm mod 4endcases o d displaystyle osqrt d is a ring under ordinary addition and multiplication if we let δ − d if δ is even 1 − d 2 if δ is odd displaystyle delta begincasessqrt dtext if delta text is even1mm1sqrt d2text if delta text is oddendcases then o d a b δ a b ∈ z displaystyle osqrt dabdelta abin mathbb z let a displaystyle mathbf a be an ideal in the ring of integers o d displaystyle osqrt d that is let a displaystyle mathbf a be a nonempty subset of o d displaystyle osqrt d such that for any α β ∈ a displaystyle alpha beta in mathbf a and any λ μ ∈ o d displaystyle lambda mu in osqrt d λ α μ β ∈ a displaystyle lambda alpha mu beta in mathbf a an ideal a displaystyle mathbf a as defined here is sometimes referred to as an integral ideal to distinguish from fractional ideal to be defined below if a displaystyle mathbf a is an ideal in o d displaystyle osqrt d then one can find α 1 α 2 ∈ o d displaystyle alpha 1alpha 2'</li><li>'n displaystyle mathbb z 2n to r displaystyle mathbb r since hom z g [UNK] g displaystyle texthommathbb z gcong g for any abelian group g displaystyle g we have hom z 2 n r [UNK] r 2 n displaystyle texthommathbb z 2nmathbb r cong mathbb r 2n after composing with the complex exponential we find that hom z 2 n u 1 [UNK] r 2 n z 2 n displaystyle texthommathbb z 2nu1cong mathbb r 2nmathbb z 2n which is the expected result since every finitely generated abelian group is isomorphic to g [UNK] z n ⊕ [UNK] i 1 m z a i displaystyle gcong mathbb z noplus bigoplus i1mmathbb z ai the character group can be easily computed in all finitely generated cases from universal properties and the isomorphism between finite products and coproducts we have the character groups of g displaystyle g is isomorphic to hom z c ∗ ⊕ n ⊕ [UNK] i 1 k hom z n i c ∗ displaystyle texthommathbb z mathbb c oplus noplus bigoplus i1ktexthommathbb z nimathbb c for the first case this is isomorphic to c ∗ ⊕ n displaystyle mathbb c oplus n the second is computed by looking at the maps which send the generator 1 ∈ z n i displaystyle 1in mathbb z ni to the various powers of the n i displaystyle ni th roots of unity ζ n i exp 2 π i n i displaystyle zeta niexp2pi ini consider the n × n displaystyle ntimes n matrix a ag whose matrix elements are a j k f j g k displaystyle ajkfjgk where g k displaystyle gk is the kth element of g the sum of the entries in the jth row of a is given by [UNK] k 1 n a j k [UNK] k 1 n f j g k 0 displaystyle sum k1najksum k1nfjgk0 if j = 1 displaystyle jneq 1 and [UNK] k 1 n a 1 k n displaystyle sum k1na1kn the sum of the entries in the kth column of a is given by [UNK] j 1 n a j k [UNK] j 1 n f j g k 0 displaystyle sum j1najksum j1'</li><li>'the cunningham project is a collaborative effort started in 1925 to factor numbers of the form bn ± 1 for b 2 3 5 6 7 10 11 12 and large n the project is named after allan joseph champneys cunningham who published the first version of the table together with herbert j woodall there are three printed versions of the table the most recent published in 2002 as well as an online version by samuel wagstaffthe current limits of the exponents are two types of factors can be derived from a cunningham number without having to use a factorization algorithm algebraic factors of binomial numbers eg difference of two squares and sum of two cubes which depend on the exponent and aurifeuillean factors which depend on both the base and the exponent from elementary algebra b k n − 1 b n − 1 [UNK] r 0 k − 1 b r n displaystyle bkn1bn1sum r0k1brn for all k and b k n 1 b n 1 [UNK] r 0 k − 1 − 1 r ⋅ b r n displaystyle bkn1bn1sum r0k11rcdot brn for odd k in addition b2n − 1 bn − 1bn 1 thus when m divides n bm − 1 and bm 1 are factors of bn − 1 if the quotient of n over m is even only the first number is a factor if the quotient is odd bm 1 is a factor of bn − 1 if m divides n and the quotient is odd in fact b n − 1 [UNK] d [UNK] n φ d b displaystyle bn1prod dmid nphi db and b n 1 [UNK] d [UNK] 2 n d [UNK] n φ d b displaystyle bn1prod dmid 2ndnmid nphi db see this page for more information when the number is of a particular form the exact expression varies with the base aurifeuillean factorization may be used which gives a product of two or three numbers the following equations give aurifeuillean factors for the cunningham project bases as a product of f l and mlet b s2 × k with squarefree k if one of the conditions holds then φ n b displaystyle phi nb have aurifeuillean factorization i k ≡ 1 mod 4 displaystyle kequiv 1mod 4 and n ≡ k mod 2 k displaystyle nequiv kpmod 2k ii k ≡ 2 3 mod 4 displaystyle kequiv 23pmod 4 and n ≡ 2 k'</li></ul>
0	<ul><li>'the decibel symbol db is a relative unit of measurement equal to one tenth of a bel b it expresses the ratio of two values of a power or rootpower quantity on a logarithmic scale two signals whose levels differ by one decibel have a power ratio of 10110 approximately 126 or rootpower ratio of 101⁄20 approximately 112the unit expresses a relative change or an absolute value in the latter case the numeric value expresses the ratio of a value to a fixed reference value when used in this way the unit symbol is often suffixed with letter codes that indicate the reference value for example for the reference value of 1 volt a common suffix is v eg 20 dbvtwo principal types of scaling of the decibel are in common use when expressing a power ratio it is defined as ten times the logarithm in base 10 that is a change in power by a factor of 10 corresponds to a 10 db change in level when expressing rootpower quantities a change in amplitude by a factor of 10 corresponds to a 20 db change in level the decibel scales differ by a factor of two so that the related power and rootpower levels change by the same value in linear systems where power is proportional to the square of amplitude the definition of the decibel originated in the measurement of transmission loss and power in telephony of the early 20th century in the bell system in the united states the bel was named in honor of alexander graham bell but the bel is seldom used instead the decibel is used for a wide variety of measurements in science and engineering most prominently for sound power in acoustics in electronics and control theory in electronics the gains of amplifiers attenuation of signals and signaltonoise ratios are often expressed in decibels the decibel originates from methods used to quantify signal loss in telegraph and telephone circuits until the mid1920s the unit for loss was miles of standard cable msc 1 msc corresponded to the loss of power over one mile approximately 16 km of standard telephone cable at a frequency of 5000 radians per second 7958 hz and matched closely the smallest attenuation detectable to a listener a standard telephone cable was a cable having uniformly distributed resistance of 88 ohms per loopmile and uniformly distributed shunt capacitance of 0054 microfarads per mile approximately corresponding to 19 gauge wirein 1924 bell telephone laboratories received a favorable response to a new unit definition among members of the international advisory committee on long distance telephony in europe and replaced the msc with the transmission unit tu 1'</li><li>'##590637 atcheson bradley heidrich wolfgang ihrke ivo 5 october 2008 an evaluation of optical flow algorithms for background oriented schlieren imaging experiments in fluids 46 3 467 – 476 doi101007s0034800805727 s2cid 17713504 skeen scott a manin julien pickett lyle m 2015 simultaneous formaldehyde plif and highspeed schlieren imaging for ignition visualization in highpressure spray flames proceedings of the combustion institute 35 3 3167 – 3174 doi101016jproci201406040 willert christian e mitchell daniel m soria julio 5 april 2012 an assessment of highpower lightemitting diodes for high frame rate schlieren imaging experiments in fluids 53 2 413 – 421 bibcode2012exfl53413w doi101007s0034801212971 s2cid 120726611'</li><li>'stripline and microstrip transmission lines such planar transmissionline resonators can be very compact in size and are widely used elements in microwave circuitry in cryogenic solidstate research superconducting transmissionline resonators contribute to solidstate spectroscopy and quantum information science in a laser light is amplified in a cavity resonator that is usually composed of two or more mirrors thus an optical cavity also known as a resonator is a cavity with walls that reflect electromagnetic waves ie light this allows standing wave modes to exist with little loss mechanical resonators are used in electronic circuits to generate signals of a precise frequency for example piezoelectric resonators commonly made from quartz are used as frequency references common designs consist of electrodes attached to a piece of quartz in the shape of a rectangular plate for high frequency applications or in the shape of a tuning fork for low frequency applications the high dimensional stability and low temperature coefficient of quartz helps keeps resonant frequency constant in addition the quartzs piezoelectric property converts the mechanical vibrations into an oscillating voltage which is picked up by the attached electrodes these crystal oscillators are used in quartz clocks and watches to create the clock signal that runs computers and to stabilize the output signal from radio transmitters mechanical resonators can also be used to induce a standing wave in other media for example a multiple degree of freedom system can be created by imposing a base excitation on a cantilever beam in this case the standing wave is imposed on the beam this type of system can be used as a sensor to track changes in frequency or phase of the resonance of the fiber one application is as a measurement device for dimensional metrology the most familiar examples of acoustic resonators are in musical instruments every musical instrument has resonators some generate the sound directly such as the wooden bars in a xylophone the head of a drum the strings in stringed instruments and the pipes in an organ some modify the sound by enhancing particular frequencies such as the sound box of a guitar or violin organ pipes the bodies of woodwinds and the sound boxes of stringed instruments are examples of acoustic cavity resonators the exhaust pipes in automobile exhaust systems are designed as acoustic resonators that work with the muffler to reduce noise by making sound waves cancel each other out the exhaust note is an important feature for some vehicle owners so both the original manufacturers and the aftermarket suppliers use the resonator to enhance the sound in tuned exhaust systems designed for performance the resonance of the exhaust pipes can also be used'</li></ul>
5	<ul><li>'chon is a mnemonic acronym for the four most common elements in living organisms carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen the acronym chnops which stands for carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfur represents the six most important chemical elements whose covalent combinations make up most biological molecules on earth all of these elements are nonmetals in a human body these four elements compose about 96 of the weight and major minerals macrominerals and minor minerals also called trace elements compose the remaindersulfur is contained in the amino acids cysteine and methionine phosphorus is contained in phospholipids a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers which keep ions proteins and other molecules where they are needed for cell function and prevent them from diffusing into areas where they should not be phosphate groups are also an essential component of the backbone of nucleic acids general name for dna rna and are required to form atp – the main molecule used as energy powering the cell in all living creaturescarbonaceous asteroids are rich in chon elements these asteroids are the most common type and frequently collide with earth as meteorites such collisions were especially common early in earths history and these impactors may have been crucial in the formation of the planets oceansthe simplest compounds to contain all of the chon elements are isomers fulminic acid hcno isofulminic acid honc cyanic acid hocn and isocyanic acid hnco having one of each atom abundance of the chemical elements carbonbased life biochemistry bioinorganic chemistry'</li><li>'to expand atas capabilities for detection of signals that may have embedded messagesberkeley astronomers used the ata to pursue several science topics some of which might have transient seti signals until 2011 when the collaboration between the university of california berkeley and the seti institute was terminated cnet published an article and pictures about the allen telescope array ata on december 12 2008in april 2011 the ata was entered an 8month hibernation due to funding shortfalls regular operation of the ata resumed on december 5 2011in 2012 the ata was revitalized with a 36 million donation by franklin antonio cofounder and chief scientist of qualcomm incorporated this gift supported upgrades of all the receivers on the ata dishes to have 2× to 10× over the range 1 – 8 ghz greater sensitivity than before and supporting observations over a wider frequency range from 1 – 18 ghz though initially the radio frequency electronics only go to 12 ghz as of july 2013 the first of these receivers was installed and proven with full installation on all 42 antennas being expected for june 2017 ata is well suited to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence seti and to discovery of astronomical radio sources such as heretofore unexplained nonrepeating possibly extragalactic pulses known as fast radio bursts or frbs serendip search for extraterrestrial radio emissions from nearby developed intelligent populations is a seti program launched in 1979 by the berkeley seti research center serendip takes advantage of ongoing mainstream radio telescope observations as a piggyback or commensal program using large radio telescopes including the nrao 90m telescope at green bank and formerly the arecibo 305m telescope rather than having its own observation program serendip analyzes deep space radio telescope data that it obtains while other astronomers are using the telescopes the most recently deployed serendip spectrometer serendip vi was installed at both the arecibo telescope and the green bank telescope in 2014 – 2015 breakthrough listen is a tenyear initiative with 100 million funding begun in july 2015 to actively search for intelligent extraterrestrial communications in the universe in a substantially expanded way using resources that had not previously been extensively used for the purpose it has been described as the most comprehensive search for alien communications to date the science program for breakthrough listen is based at berkeley seti research center located in the astronomy department at the university of california berkeley announced in july 2015 the project is observing for thousands of hours every year on two major radio telescopes the green bank observatory in west virginia and the parkes observatory in australia previously only about 24'</li><li>'proposed studies on the implications of peaceful space activities for human affairs often referred to as the brookings report was a 1960 report commissioned by nasa and created by the brookings institution in collaboration with nasas committee on longrange studies it was submitted to the house committee on science and astronautics of the united states house of representatives in the 87th united states congress on april 18 1961 the report has become noted for one short section entitled the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life which examines the potential implications of such a discovery on public attitudes and values the section briefly considers possible public reactions to some possible scenarios for the discovery of extraterrestrial life stressing a need for further research in this area it recommended continuing studies to determine the likely social impact of such a discovery and its effects on public attitudes including study of the question of how leadership should handle information about such a discovery and under what circumstances leaders might or might not find it advisable to withhold such information from the public the significance of this section of the report is a matter of controversy persons who believe that extraterrestrial life has already been confirmed and that this information is being withheld by government from the public sometimes turn to this section of the report as support for their view frequently cited passages from this section of the report are drawn both from its main body and from its footnotesthe report has been mentioned in newspapers such as the new york times the baltimore sun the washington times and the huffington post the report was entered into the congressional record which is currently archived at over 1110 libraries as part of the federal depository library programthe main author donald n michael was a social psychologist with a background in the natural sciences he was a fellow of the american association for the advancement of science the american psychological association the society for the psychological study of social issues and the world academy of art and scienceover 50 years after the report was initially released the brookings institution again focused on space policy by hosting several panels of experts to discuss topics such as the economic benefits of private industry ’ s involvement the scientific discoveries resulting from nasa ’ s continued space efforts and the potential for future exploration and the government ’ s policies and decision making process although the report discusses the need for research on many policy issues related to space exploration it is most often cited for passages from its brief section on the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life see section use in discussions about possible coverups the report contains the following chapters 5 introduction goals and methods comments on the organization and functions of a nasa social science research capability implications of satellitebased'</li></ul>
25	<ul><li>'and a lower bound or equivalently if it is contained in an interval note that this is not just a property of the set s but also one of the set s as subset of p a bounded poset p that is by itself not as subset is one that has a least element and a greatest element note that this concept of boundedness has nothing to do with finite size and that a subset s of a bounded poset p with as order the restriction of the order on p is not necessarily a bounded poset a subset s of rn is bounded with respect to the euclidean distance if and only if it bounded as subset of rn with the product order however s may be bounded as subset of rn with the lexicographical order but not with respect to the euclidean distance a class of ordinal numbers is said to be unbounded or cofinal when given any ordinal there is always some element of the class greater than it thus in this case unbounded does not mean unbounded by itself but unbounded as a subclass of the class of all ordinal numbers bounded domain bounded function local boundedness order theory totally bounded'</li><li>'##2 1021 2012 evaluated at every third term combining pairs of fractions produces 114 32 2 2 3 32 3 64 3 2050 − 1 − 1 2050 − 1 2050 − [UNK] 32 3 64 6150 − 3 − 9 6150 − 9 6150 − [UNK] displaystyle sqrt 114cfrac sqrt 32223cfrac 323cfrac 64320501cfrac 12050cfrac 12050ddots cfrac 323cfrac 6461503cfrac 96150cfrac 96150ddots which is now 10 1 2 10 2 1 20 1 2 [UNK] displaystyle 1012overline 10212012 evaluated at the third term and every six terms thereafter continued fraction – number represented as a01a11 generalized continued fraction – generalization of continued fractions in which the partial numerators and partial denominators can assume arbitrary complex valuespages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback hermites problem continued fraction method of computing square roots – algorithms for calculating square roots restricted partial quotients continued fraction factorization – an integer factorization algorithmpages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback'</li><li>'in mathematical analysis a family of functions is equicontinuous if all the functions are continuous and they have equal variation over a given neighbourhood in a precise sense described herein in particular the concept applies to countable families and thus sequences of functions equicontinuity appears in the formulation of ascolis theorem which states that a subset of cx the space of continuous functions on a compact hausdorff space x is compact if and only if it is closed pointwise bounded and equicontinuous as a corollary a sequence in cx is uniformly convergent if and only if it is equicontinuous and converges pointwise to a function not necessarily continuous apriori in particular the limit of an equicontinuous pointwise convergent sequence of continuous functions fn on either metric space or locally compact space is continuous if in addition fn are holomorphic then the limit is also holomorphic the uniform boundedness principle states that a pointwise bounded family of continuous linear operators between banach spaces is equicontinuous let x and y be two metric spaces and f a family of functions from x to y we shall denote by d the respective metrics of these spaces the family f is equicontinuous at a point x0 ∈ x if for every ε 0 there exists a δ 0 such that dƒx0 ƒx ε for all ƒ ∈ f and all x such that dx0 x δ the family is pointwise equicontinuous if it is equicontinuous at each point of xthe family f is uniformly equicontinuous if for every ε 0 there exists a δ 0 such that dƒx1 ƒx2 ε for all ƒ ∈ f and all x1 x2 ∈ x such that dx1 x2 δfor comparison the statement all functions ƒ in f are continuous means that for every ε 0 every ƒ ∈ f and every x0 ∈ x there exists a δ 0 such that dƒx0 ƒx ε for all x ∈ x such that dx0 x δ for continuity δ may depend on ε ƒ and x0 for uniform continuity δ may depend on ε and ƒ for pointwise equicontinuity δ may depend on ε and x0 for uniform equicontinuity δ may depend only on εmore generally when x is a topological space a set f of functions from x to y is said to be equicontinuous at x if for every ε 0 x has a neighborhood u'</li></ul>
27	<ul><li>'a quantum solvent is essentially a superfluid aka a quantum liquid used to dissolve another chemical species any superfluid can theoretically act as a quantum solvent but in practice the only viable superfluid medium that can currently be used is helium4 and it has been successfully accomplished in controlled conditions such solvents are currently under investigation for use in spectroscopic techniques in the field of analytical chemistry due to their superior kinetic properties any matter dissolved or otherwise suspended in the superfluid will tend to aggregate together in clumps encapsulated by a quantum solvation shell due to the totally frictionless nature of the superfluid medium the entire object then proceeds to act very much like a nanoscopic ball bearing allowing effectively complete rotational freedom of the solvated chemical species a quantum solvation shell consists of a region of nonsuperfluid helium4 atoms that surround the molecules and exhibit adiabatic following around the centre of gravity of the solute as such the kinetics of an effectively gaseous molecule can be studied without the need to use an actual gas which can be impractical or impossible it is necessary to make a small alteration to the rotational constant of the chemical species being examined in order to compensate for the higher mass entailed by the quantum solvation shell quantum solvation has so far been achieved with a number of organic inorganic and organometallic compounds and it has been speculated that as well as the obvious use in the field of spectroscopy quantum solvents could be used as tools in nanoscale chemical engineering perhaps to manufacture components for use in nanotechnology'</li><li>'nanofiltration is a membrane filtration process used most often to soften and disinfect water nanofiltration is a membrane filtrationbased method that uses nanometer sized pores through which particles smaller than 10 nanometers pass through the membrane nanofiltration membranes have pore sizes from 110 nanometers smaller than that used in microfiltration and ultrafiltration but a little bit bigger than that in reverse osmosis membranes used are predominantly created from polymer thin films materials that are commonly used include polyethylene terephthalate or metals such as aluminum pore dimensions are controlled by ph temperature and time during development with pore densities ranging from 1 to 106 pores per cm2 membranes made from polyethylene terephthalate and other similar materials are referred to as tracketch membranes named after the way the pores on the membranes are made tracking involves bombarding the polymer thin film with high energy particles this results in making tracks that are chemically developed into the membrane or etched into the membrane which are the pores membranes created from metal such as alumina membranes are made by electrochemically growing a thin layer of aluminum oxide from aluminum metal in an acidic medium historically nanofiltration and other membrane technology used for molecular separation was applied entirely on aqueous systems the original uses for nanofiltration were water treatment and in particular water softening nanofilters soften water by retaining scaleforming divalent ions eg ca2 mg2nanofiltration has been extended into other industries such as milk and juice production as well as pharmaceuticals fine chemicals and flavour and fragrance industries one of the main advantages of nanofiltration as a method of softening water is that during the process of retaining calcium and magnesium ions while passing smaller hydrated monovalent ions filtration is performed without adding extra sodium ions as used in ion exchangers many separation processes do not operate at room temperature eg distillation which greatly increases the cost of the process when continuous heating or cooling is applied performing gentle molecular separation is linked with nanofiltration that is often not included with other forms of separation processes centrifugation these are two of the main benefits that are associated with nanofiltration nanofiltration has a very favorable benefit of being able to process large volumes and continuously produce streams of products still nanofiltration is the least used method of membrane filtration in industry as the membrane pores sizes are limited to only a few nanometers anything smaller reverse osmosis is used and anything larger is used for ultrafiltration ultrafiltration can also be'</li><li>'electrical conductance magnetism and optical effects nanotechnology has an almost limitless string of applications in biology biotechnology and biomedicine nanotechnology has engendered a growing sense of excitement due to the ability to produce and utilize materials devices and systems through the control of matter on the nanometer scale 1 to 50 nm this bottomup approach requires less material and causes less pollution nanotechnology has had several commercial applications in advanced laser technology hard coatings photography pharmaceuticals printing chemicalmechanical polishing and cosmetics soon there will be lighter cars using nanoparticle reinforced polymers orally applicable insulin artificial joints made from nanoparticulate materials and lowcalorie foods with nanoparticulate taste enhancers viruses have long been studied as deadly pathogens to cause disease in all living forms by the 1950s researchers had begun thinking of viruses as tools in addition of pathogens bacteriophage genomes and components of the protein expression machinery have been widely utilized as tools for understanding the fundamental cellular process on the basis of these studies several viruses have been exploited as expression systems in biotechnology later in the 1970s viruses are used as a vector for the benefit of humans since that often viruses are used as vectors for gene therapy cancer control and control of harmful or damaging organisms in both agriculture and medicinerecently a new approach to exploiting viruses and their capsids for biotechnology began to change toward using them for nanotechnology application researchers douglas and young montana state university bozeman mt usa were the first to consider the utility of a virus capsid as a nanomaterial they have taken plant virus cowpea chlorotic mottle virus ccmv for their study ccmv showed a highly dynamic platform with ph and metal ion dependent structural transitions douglas and young made use of these capsid dynamics and exchanged the natural cargo nucleic acid with synthetic materials since then many materials have been encapsulated into ccmv and other vnps at about the same time the research team led by mann university of bristol uk pioneered a new area using the rodshaped particles of tmv tobacco mosaic virus the particles were used as templates for the fabrication of a range of metallized nanotube structures using mineralization techniques tmv particles have also been utilized to generate various structures nanotubes and nanowires for use in batteries and data storage devicesviral capsids have attracted great interest in the field of nanobiology because of their nanoscale size symmetrical structural organization load capacity controllable selfassembly and ease of modification viruses are essentially naturally'</li></ul>
36	<ul><li>'society the ornate latin style was the primary form of oration through the mid20th century after world war ii and the increased use of film and television the latin oration style began to fall out of favor this cultural change likely had to do with the rise of the scientific method and the emphasis on a plain style of speaking and writing even todays formal oratory is much less ornate than in the classical era ancient china had a delayed start to implementing rhetoric persuasion because there were no rhetoricians training students it was understood that chinese rhetoric was part of chinese philosophy which schools taught focusing on two concepts wen ” rhetoric and “ zhi ” thoughtful content ancient chinese rhetoric shows strong connections with modern public speaking as chinese rhetoric placed a high value on ethicsancient chinese rhetoric had three objectives i using language to reflect peoples feelings ii using language to be more pointed effective and impactful and iii using rhetoric as an aesthetic tool chinese rhetoric traditionally focused more on the written than the spoken word but both share similar characteristics of constructiona unique and key difference between chinese and western rhetoric is the audience targeted for persuasion in chinese rhetoric state rulers were the audience whereas western rhetoric targets the public another difference between chinese and western rhetoric practices is how a speaker establishes credibility or ethos in chinese rhetoric the speaker does not focus on individual credibility like western rhetoric instead the speaker focuses on collectivism by sharing personal experiences and establishing a connection between the speakers concern and the audiences interestchinese rhetoric analyses public speakers on three standards i tracing which is how well the speaker is doing compared to traditional speaking practices ii examination or how the speaker considers the audiences daily lives and iii practice which is how relevant the topic or argument is to the state society and people aristotle and one of his most famous writings rhetoric written in 350 bce have been used as a foundation for learning how to master the art of public speaking in his works rhetoric is the act of publicly persuading an audience rhetoric is similar to dialect he defines both as being acts of persuasion however dialect is the act of persuading someone in private whereas rhetoric is about persuading people in a public setting aristotle defines someone who practices rhetoric or a rhetorician as an individual who can comprehend persuasion and how it is appliedaristotle divides rhetoric into three elements i the speaker ii the topic or point of the speech and iii the audience aristotle also classifies oration into three types i political used to convince people to take or not take action ii forensic usually used in law related to accusing or defending someone and iii ceremonial which recognizes someone positively or negativelyaristotle breaks down the political category into'</li><li>'in the relationship and creates mutual good communication so that some type of agreement becomes much more possibleone idea that rogers emphasized several times in his 1951 paper that is not mentioned in textbook treatments of rogerian argument is thirdparty intervention rogers suggested that a neutral third party instead of the parties to the conflict themselves could in some cases present one partys sympathetic understanding of the other to the otherrogerian argument is an application of rogers ideas about communication taught by rhetoric teachers who were inspired by rapoport but rogers ideas about communication have also been applied somewhat differently by many others for example marshall rosenberg created nonviolent communication a process of conflict resolution and nonviolent living after studying and working with rogers and other writing teachers used some of rogers ideas in developing expressivist theories of writing there are different opinions about whether rogerian rhetoric is like or unlike classical rhetoric from ancient greece and romeyoung becker and pike said that classical rhetoric and rapoports pavlovian strategy and freudian strategy all share the common goal of controlling or persuading someone else but the rogerian strategy has different assumptions about humanity and a different goal in young becker and pikes view the goal of rogerian rhetoric is to remove the obstacles — especially the sense of threat — to cooperative communication mutual understanding and mutual intellectual growth they considered this goal to be a new alternative to classical rhetoric they also said that classical rhetoric is used both in dyadic situations — when two parties are trying to understand and change each other — and in triadic situations — when one party is responding to an opponent but is trying to influence a third party such as an arbitrator or jury or public opinion — but rogerian rhetoric is specially intended for certain dyadic situations not for triadic situationsenglish professor andrea lunsford responding to young becker and pike in a 1979 article argued that the three principles of rogerian strategy that they borrowed from rapoport could be found in various parts of aristotles writings and so were already in the classical tradition she pointed to book i of aristotles rhetoric where he said that one must be able to understand and argue both sides of an issue and to his discussions of friendship and of the enthymeme in book ii and to similar passages in his topics she also saw some similarity to platos phaedrus other scholars have also found resonances between rogerian and platonic rhetorics of dialogueenglish professor paul g bator argued in 1980 that rogerian argument is more different from aristotles rhetoric than lunsford had concluded among the differences he noted the ari'</li><li>'translated and currently indicated with ge corps saxothuringia munchen in munich corps hannoverania hannover ge corps berlin in alphabetic order with links to the english wikipedia on top links to the german wikipedia are in process of being translated and currently indicated with ge hans gorges ge1859 – 1946 president rektor of the technischen hochschule dresden 1914 – 1915 the predecessor of todays tu dresden as well as an influential physicist and professor for electrical engineering walther heise highestlevel government construction officer and construction manager for the erich mullerbuilding the jante building and the zeuner building at the tu dresden heinrich koch 1873 – 1945 highestlevel government construction officer and construction manager for the beyerbuilding at the tu dresden as well as the main building of saxonys capital city archive in dresden martin johann krause president rektor of the technischen hochschule dresden 1894 – 1896 and 1919 – 1920 the predecessor of todays tu dresden siegfried meurer ge 1908 – 1997 engineer and inventor of the flustermotor quiet diesel engine as well as honorary professor at the technical university rwth aachen hermann immanuel rietschel ge 1847 – 1914 founder of the heating and climate technology specialization in mechanical engineering in germany oskar august reuther president rektor of the th dresden 1932 – 1934 the predecessor of todays tu dresden hermann rietschel president rektor of the technischen hochschule berlin 1893 – 1894 the predecessor of todays tu berlin malwin roßberg highlevel government construction officer and construction manager for the fritz forster building and the walterkonig building at the tu dresdenfreiherr carl von wagner ge 1843 – 1907 main civil engineer overseeing the planning design and construction of the isthmus of tehuantepec railroad pass in central america fritz zeuner honorary senator at the th dresden carl zimmerer ge 1926 – 2001 international business consultant honorary doctorate at the whu otto beisheim school of management and member of the board of directors at the agrippina ruckversicherungs ag the klinggraffmedal is awarded for the combination of extraordinary accomplishments in academia involvement for the fraternity and proven leadership on local and preferentially national level an average of five medals is awarded each year nationwide chosen by a joint alumni committee of kscv and wsc representatives the award indirectly reflects back at the fraternity showing leaders in their field among the fraternitys brothers for more information see klinggraffmedaille ge at the association of german student corps alumni ge'</li></ul>
6	<ul><li>'virialization timescales and the clusters age however several dynamical mechanisms to accelerate virialization compared to twobody interactions have been examined in starforming regions it is often observed that otype stars are preferentially located in the center of a young cluster after relaxation the speed of some low mass members can be greater than the escape velocity of the cluster which results in these members being lost to the cluster this process is called evaporation a similar phenomenon explains the loss of lighter gases from a planet such as hydrogen and helium from the earth — after equipartition some molecules of sufficiently light gases at the top of the atmosphere will exceed the escape velocity of the planet and be lost through evaporation most open clusters eventually dissipate as indicated by the fact that most existing open clusters are quite young globular clusters being more tightly bound appear to be more durable the relaxation time of the milky way galaxy is approximately 10 trillion years on the order of thousand times the age of the galaxy itself thus any observed mass segregation in our galaxy must be almost entirely primordial nbody problem – problem in physics and celestial mechanics virial theorem – theorem of statistical mechanics messier 67 – old open cluster in the constellation cancer willman 1 – ultralow luminosity dwarf galaxy orion nebula cluster – open cluster in the orion nebula in the constellation orion westerhout 40 – starforming region in the constellation serpens ian a bonnell melvyn b davies 1998 mass segregation in young stellar clusters monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 295 3 691 – 698 bibcode1998mnras295691b doi101046j13658711199801372xmerritt david 2013 dynamics and evolution of galactic nuclei princeton university press isbn 9780691121017 oclc 820123438spitzer lyman s jr 1987 dynamical evolution of globular clusters princeton university press isbn 0691083096white s d m april 1977 mass segregation and missing mass in the coma cluster monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 179 2 33 – 41 bibcode1977mnras17933w doi101093mnras179233'</li><li>'superionic water also called superionic ice or ice xviii is a phase of water that exists at extremely high temperatures and pressures in superionic water water molecules break apart and the oxygen ions crystallize into an evenly spaced lattice while the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice the freely mobile hydrogen ions make superionic water almost as conductive as typical metals making it a superionic conductor it is one of the 19 known crystalline phases of ice superionic water is distinct from ionic water which is a hypothetical liquid state characterized by a disordered soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions while theorized for decades it was not until the 1990s that the first experimental evidence emerged for superionic water initial evidence came from optical measurements of laserheated water in a diamond anvil cell and from optical measurements of water shocked by extremely powerful lasers the first definitive evidence for the crystal structure of the oxygen lattice in superionic water came from xray measurements on lasershocked water which were reported in 2019if it were present on the surface of the earth superionic ice would rapidly decompress in may 2019 scientists at the lawrence livermore national laboratory llnl were able to synthesize superionic ice confirming it to be almost four times as dense as normal ice and black in colorsuperionic water is theorized to be present in the mantles of giant planets such as uranus and neptune as of 2013 it is theorized that superionic ice can possess two crystalline structures at pressures in excess of 50 gpa 7300000 psi it is predicted that superionic ice would take on a bodycentered cubic structure however at pressures in excess of 100 gpa 15000000 psi and temperatures above 3140 degrees fahrenheit it is predicted that the structure would shift to a more stable facecentered cubic lattice the ice appears black in color demontis et al made the first prediction for superionic water using classical molecular dynamics simulations in 1988 in 1999 cavazzoni et al predicted that such a state would exist for ammonia and water in conditions such as those existing on uranus and neptune in 2005 laurence fried led a team at lawrence livermore national laboratory to recreate the formative conditions of superionic water using a technique involving smashing water molecules between diamonds and super heating it with lasers they observed frequency shifts which indicated that a phase transition had taken place the team also created computer models which indicated that they had indeed created superionic water in 2013 hugh f wilson michael l wong and burkhard militzer at the university'</li><li>'the illustris project is an ongoing series of astrophysical simulations run by an international collaboration of scientists the aim was to study the processes of galaxy formation and evolution in the universe with a comprehensive physical model early results were described in a number of publications following widespread press coverage the project publicly released all data produced by the simulations in april 2015 key developers of the illustris simulation have been volker springel maxplanckinstitut fur astrophysik and mark vogelsberger massachusetts institute of technology the illustris simulation framework and galaxy formation model has been used for a wide range of spinoff projects starting with auriga and illustristng both 2017 followed by thesan 2021 millenniumtng 2022 and tngcluster to be published in 2023 the original illustris project was carried out by mark vogelsberger and collaborators as the first largescale galaxy formation application of volker springels novel arepo codethe illustris project included largescale cosmological simulations of the evolution of the universe spanning initial conditions of the big bang to the present day 138 billion years later modeling based on the most precise data and calculations currently available are compared to actual findings of the observable universe in order to better understand the nature of the universe including galaxy formation dark matter and dark energythe simulation included many physical processes which are thought to be critical for galaxy formation these include the formation of stars and the subsequent feedback due to supernova explosions as well as the formation of supermassive black holes their consumption of nearby gas and their multiple modes of energetic feedbackimages videos and other data visualizations for public distribution are available at official media page the main illustris simulation was run on the curie supercomputer at cea france and the supermuc supercomputer at the leibniz computing centre germany a total of 19 million cpu hours was required using 8192 cpu cores the peak memory usage was approximately 25 tb of ram a total of 136 snapshots were saved over the course of the simulation totaling over 230 tb cumulative data volumea code called arepo was used to run the illustris simulations it was written by volker springel the same author as the gadget code the name is derived from the sator square this code solves the coupled equations of gravity and hydrodynamics using a discretization of space based on a moving voronoi tessellation it is optimized for running on large distributed memory supercomputers using an mpi approach in april 2015 eleven months'</li></ul>
3	<ul><li>'a digging stick sometimes called a yam stick is a wooden implement used primarily by subsistencebased cultures to dig out underground food such as roots and tubers tilling the soil or burrowing animals and anthills it is a term used in archaeology and anthropology to describe similar implements which usually consists of little more than a sturdy stick which has been shaped or sharpened and sometimes hardened by being placed temporarily in a firefashioned with handles for pulling or pushing it forms a prehistoric plough and is also described as a type of hoe digging sticks more than 170000 years old made of boxwood by neanderthals have been found in italy in mexico and the mesoamerican region the digging stick was the most important agricultural tool throughout the regionthe coa stick normally flares out into a triangle at the end and is used for cultivating maize it is still used for agriculture in some indigenous communities with some newer 20thcentury versions having the addition of a little metal tipother digging sticks according to native americans of the columbia plateau have been used since time immemorial to gather edible roots like balsamroot bitterroot camas and varieties of biscuitroot typical digging sticks were and are still about 2 to 3 feet in length usually slightly arched with the bottom tip shaved off at an angle a 5 to 8 inch crosspiece made of antler bone or wood was fitted perpendicularly over the top of the stick allowing the use of two hands to drive the tool into the ground since contact with the europeans in the 19th century native americans have also adapted the use of a metal in making digging sticks australia digging sticks are used by many of the aboriginal peoples of australia for digging up roots and tubers and for ceremonial usethe gunditjmara people of western victoria used digging sticks also known as yam sticks for digging yams goannas ants and other foods out of the ground as well as for defence for settling disputes and for punishment purposes as part of customary law new guinea the kuman people eastcentral new guinea were horticulturists who used basic tools such as the digging stick wooden hoe and wooden spade in their daily lives eventually they started to use more sophisticated tools such as iron spades and pickaxestwo main types of digging sticks both shared a similar shape but differed in size a larger and heavier digging stick with a diameter of about 4 cm 16 in and 2 m 6 ft 7 in in length used for the purpose of turning over the soil surface for new gardens and a smaller and lighter digging stick with'</li><li>'peak oil for example and tends to reject the very idea of modernity and the myth of progress that is so central to modernization thinking similarly kirkpatrick sale wrote about progress as a myth benefiting the few and a pending environmental doomsday for everyone an example is the philosophy of deep ecology sociologist robert nisbet said that no single idea has been more important than the idea of progress in western civilization for three thousand years and defines five crucial premises of the idea of progress value of the past nobility of western civilization worth of economictechnological growth faith in reason and scientificscholarly knowledge obtained through reason intrinsic importance and worth of life on earthsociologist p a sorokin said the ancient chinese babylonian hindu greek roman and most of the medieval thinkers supporting theories of rhythmical cyclical or trendless movements of social processes were much nearer to reality than the present proponents of the linear view unlike confucianism and to a certain extent taoism that both search for an ideal past the judeochristianislamic tradition believes in the fulfillment of history which was translated into the idea of progress in the modern age therefore chinese proponents of modernization have looked to western models according to thompson the late qing dynasty reformer kang youwei believed he had found a model for reform and modernisation in the ancient chinese classicsphilosopher karl popper said that progress was not fully adequate as a scientific explanation of social phenomena more recently kirkpatrick sale a selfproclaimed neoluddite author wrote exclusively about progress as a myth in an essay entitled five facets of a mythiggers 1965 says that proponents of progress underestimated the extent of mans destructiveness and irrationality while critics misunderstand the role of rationality and morality in human behaviorin 1946 psychoanalyst charles baudouin claimed modernity has retained the corollary of the progress myth the idea that the present is superior to the past while at the same time insisting that it is free of the myth the last two centuries were familiar with the myth of progress our own century has adopted the myth of modernity the one myth has replaced the other men ceased to believe in progress but only to pin their faith to more tangible realities whose sole original significance had been that they were the instruments of progress this exaltation of the present is a corollary of that very faith in progress which people claim to have discarded the present is superior to the past by definition only in a mythology of progress thus one retains the corollary while rejecting the principle there is only one way of retaining a position of'</li><li>'the skhul and qafzeh hominins or qafzeh – skhul early modern humans are hominin fossils discovered in esskhul and qafzeh caves in israel they are today classified as homo sapiens among the earliest of their species in eurasia skhul cave is on the slopes of mount carmel qafzeh cave is a rockshelter near nazareth in lower galilee the remains found at es skhul together with those found at the nahal mearot nature reserve and mugharet elzuttiyeh were classified in 1939 by arthur keith and theodore d mccown as palaeoanthropus palestinensis a descendant of homo heidelbergensis the remains exhibit a mix of traits found in archaic and anatomically modern humans they have been tentatively dated at about 80000 – 120000 years old using electron paramagnetic resonance and thermoluminescence dating techniques the brain case is similar to modern humans but they possess brow ridges and a projecting facial profile like neanderthals they were initially regarded as transitional from neanderthals to anatomically modern humans or as hybrids between neanderthals and modern humans neanderthal remains have been found nearby at kebara cave that date to 61000 – 48000 years ago but it has been hypothesised that the skhulqafzeh hominids had died out by 80000 years ago because of drying and cooling conditions favouring a return of a neanderthal population suggesting that the two types of hominids never made contact in the region a more recent hypothesis is that skhulqafzeh hominids represent the first exodus of modern humans from africa around 125000 years ago probably via the sinai peninsula and that the robust features exhibited by the skhulqafzeh hominids represent archaic sapiens features rather than neanderthal features the discovery of modern human made tools from about 125000 years ago at jebel faya united arab emirates in the arabian peninsula may be from an even earlier exit of modern humans from africa in january 2018 it was announced that modern human finds at the mount carmel cave of misliya discovered in 2002 had been dated to around 185000 years ago giving an even earlier date for an outofafrica migrationian wallace and john shea have devised a methodology for examining the various middle paleolithic core assemblages present at the levant site in order to test whether the different hominid populations had distinct mobility patterns they use a ratio of formal and expedient cores within assemblages'</li></ul>

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Task: Text Classification
Library: setfit
Type: mpnet
Created: May 7, 2024
Updated: May 7, 2024