t5gemma-s-gooaq-cmnrl

T5Gemma-s encoder trained on GooAQ pairs using CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from google/t5gemma-s-s-prefixlm on the gooaq dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 512-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• Base model: google/t5gemma-s-s-prefixlm <!-- at revision 7b875178ee4c8a97a5df548972b10cfe200ee695 -->
• Maximum Sequence Length: None tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 512 dimensions
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
• Training Dataset:
  • gooaq
• Language: en
• License: apache-2.0

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': None, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'T5GemmaEncoderModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 512, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("tomaarsen/t5gemma-s-gooaq-cmnrl")
# Run inference
queries = [
    "is duchenne muscular dystrophy a dominant or recessive trait?",
]
documents = [
    'Duchenne muscular dystrophy is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. Males have only one copy of the X chromosome from their mother and one copy of the Y chromosome from their father. If their X chromosome has a DMD gene mutation, they will have Duchenne muscular dystrophy.',
    'The dream suggests captivity and it refers to your fear of punishment. Another interpretation of this dream refers to a need to do what you feel is right in waking life. Being in jail suggests that your feelings may be trapped by a limited mind and body. ... Jail also suggests repressed feelings.',
    "An automatic transmission will downshift for you when you drive uphill. However, for moderately steep slopes, it's wise to shift to the gear range marked D2, 2, or L to ascend and descend the hill. For steep slopes that you can't ascend at a speed faster than 10 mph (about 15 kph), shift to D1 or 1.",
]
query_embeddings = model.encode_query(queries)
document_embeddings = model.encode_document(documents)
print(query_embeddings.shape, document_embeddings.shape)
# [1, 512] [3, 512]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(query_embeddings, document_embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[ 0.8272, -0.0466,  0.1120]])

<!-- ### Direct Usage (Transformers) <details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary> </details> --> <!-- ### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers) You can finetune this model on your own dataset. <details><summary>Click to expand</summary> </details> --> <!-- ### Out-of-Scope Use *List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.* -->

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• Dataset: gooaq-dev
• Evaluated with <code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>

<!-- ## Bias, Risks and Limitations *What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.* --> <!-- ### Recommendations *What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.* -->

Training Details

Training Dataset

gooaq

• Dataset: gooaq at b089f72
• Size: 90,000 training samples
• Columns: <code>question</code> and <code>answer</code>
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	question	answer
  type	string	string
  details	<ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 9.56 tokens</li><li>max: 19 tokens</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 13 tokens</li><li>mean: 56.55 tokens</li><li>max: 162 tokens</li></ul>

• Samples:

  question	answer
  <code>how long does halifax take to transfer mortgage funds?</code>	<code>Bear in mind that the speed of application will vary depending on your own personal circumstances and the lender's present day-to-day performance. In some cases, applications can be approved by the lender within 24 hours, while some can take weeks or even months.</code>
  <code>can you get a false pregnancy test?</code>	<code>In very rare cases, you can have a false-positive result. This means you're not pregnant but the test says you are. You could have a false-positive result if you have blood or protein in your pee. Certain drugs, such as tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, hypnotics, and fertility drugs, could cause false-positive results.</code>
  <code>are ahead of its time?</code>	<code>Definition of ahead of one's/its time : too advanced or modern to be understood or appreciated during the time when one lives or works As a director, he was ahead of his time.</code>

• Loss: <code>CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim",
      "mini_batch_size": 32,
      "gather_across_devices": false
  }
  

Evaluation Dataset

gooaq

• Dataset: gooaq at b089f72
• Size: 10,000 evaluation samples
• Columns: <code>question</code> and <code>answer</code>
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	question	answer
  type	string	string
  details	<ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 9.63 tokens</li><li>max: 21 tokens</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 12 tokens</li><li>mean: 56.6 tokens</li><li>max: 120 tokens</li></ul>

• Samples:

  question	answer
  <code>should you take ibuprofen with high blood pressure?</code>	<code>In general, people with high blood pressure should use acetaminophen or possibly aspirin for over-the-counter pain relief. Unless your health care provider has said it's OK, you should not use ibuprofen, ketoprofen, or naproxen sodium. If aspirin or acetaminophen doesn't help with your pain, call your doctor.</code>
  <code>how old do you have to be to work in sc?</code>	<code>The general minimum age of employment for South Carolina youth is 14, although the state allows younger children who are performers to work in show business. If their families are agricultural workers, children younger than age 14 may also participate in farm labor.</code>
  <code>how to write a topic proposal for a research paper?</code>	<code>['Write down the main topic of your paper. ... ', 'Write two or three short sentences under the main topic that explain why you chose that topic. ... ', 'Write a thesis sentence that states the angle and purpose of your research paper. ... ', 'List the items you will cover in the body of the paper that support your thesis statement.']</code>

• Loss: <code>CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim",
      "mini_batch_size": 32,
      "gather_across_devices": false
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: steps
• per_device_train_batch_size: 1024
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 1024
• learning_rate: 8e-05
• num_train_epochs: 1
• warmup_ratio: 0.1
• warmup_steps: 0.1
• bf16: True
• batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: steps
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 1024
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 1024
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• learning_rate: 8e-05
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1.0
• num_train_epochs: 1
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: None
• warmup_ratio: 0.1
• warmup_steps: 0.1
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• enable_jit_checkpoint: False
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• use_cpu: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• bf16: True
• fp16: False
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: -1
• ddp_backend: None
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: False
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• parallelism_config: None
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch_fused
• optim_args: None
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• project: huggingface
• trackio_space_id: trackio
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: None
• hub_always_push: False
• hub_revision: None
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_for_metrics: []
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• eval_on_start: False
• use_liger_kernel: False
• liger_kernel_config: None
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• average_tokens_across_devices: True
• use_cache: False
• prompts: None
• batch_sampler: no_duplicates
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional
• router_mapping: {}
• learning_rate_mapping: {}

</details>

Training Logs

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.11.6
• Sentence Transformers: 5.3.0.dev0
• Transformers: 5.0.1.dev0
• PyTorch: 2.10.0+cu128
• Accelerate: 1.6.0
• Datasets: 4.5.0
• Tokenizers: 0.22.2

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{gao2021scaling,
    title={Scaling Deep Contrastive Learning Batch Size under Memory Limited Setup},
    author={Luyu Gao and Yunyi Zhang and Jiawei Han and Jamie Callan},
    year={2021},
    eprint={2101.06983},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

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