multilingual-e5-small-pairclass-2

SentenceTransformer based on intfloat/multilingual-e5-small

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from intfloat/multilingual-e5-small. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• Base model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-small <!-- at revision fd1525a9fd15316a2d503bf26ab031a61d056e98 -->
• Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 384 tokens
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown --> <!-- - **Language:** Unknown --> <!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("srikarvar/multilingual-e5-small-pairclass-2")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'What is the boiling point of water at sea level?',
    'What is the melting point of ice at sea level?',
    'Can you recommend a good hotel nearby?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

<!-- ### Direct Usage (Transformers) <details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary> </details> --> <!-- ### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers) You can finetune this model on your own dataset. <details><summary>Click to expand</summary> </details> --> <!-- ### Out-of-Scope Use *List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.* -->

Evaluation

Metrics

Binary Classification

• Dataset: pair-class-dev
• Evaluated with <code>BinaryClassificationEvaluator</code>

Binary Classification

• Dataset: pair-class-test
• Evaluated with <code>BinaryClassificationEvaluator</code>

<!-- ## Bias, Risks and Limitations *What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.* --> <!-- ### Recommendations *What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.* -->

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• Size: 971 training samples
• Columns: <code>label</code>, <code>sentence1</code>, and <code>sentence2</code>
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	label	sentence1	sentence2
  type	int	string	string
  details	<ul><li>0: ~48.61%</li><li>1: ~51.39%</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.82 tokens</li><li>max: 22 tokens</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.12 tokens</li><li>max: 22 tokens</li></ul>

• Samples:

  label	sentence1	sentence2
  <code>1</code>	<code>How many bones are in the human body?</code>	<code>Total number of bones in an adult human body</code>
  <code>0</code>	<code>What is the largest lake in North America?</code>	<code>What is the largest river in North America?</code>
  <code>0</code>	<code>What is the capital of New Zealand?</code>	<code>What is the capital of Australia?</code>

• Loss: <code>OnlineContrastiveLoss</code>

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• Size: 243 evaluation samples
• Columns: <code>label</code>, <code>sentence1</code>, and <code>sentence2</code>
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	label	sentence1	sentence2
  type	int	string	string
  details	<ul><li>0: ~55.56%</li><li>1: ~44.44%</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.55 tokens</li><li>max: 22 tokens</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.09 tokens</li><li>max: 20 tokens</li></ul>

• Samples:

  label	sentence1	sentence2
  <code>1</code>	<code>What are the different types of renewable energy?</code>	<code>What are the various forms of renewable energy?</code>
  <code>1</code>	<code>Who discovered gravity?</code>	<code>Gravity discoverer</code>
  <code>0</code>	<code>Can you help me understand this report?</code>	<code>Can you help me write this report?</code>

• Loss: <code>OnlineContrastiveLoss</code>

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: epoch
• per_device_train_batch_size: 32
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
• learning_rate: 3e-06
• weight_decay: 0.01
• num_train_epochs: 15
• lr_scheduler_type: reduce_lr_on_plateau
• warmup_ratio: 0.1
• load_best_model_at_end: True
• optim: adamw_torch_fused

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: epoch
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 32
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• learning_rate: 3e-06
• weight_decay: 0.01
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1.0
• num_train_epochs: 15
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: reduce_lr_on_plateau
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.1
• warmup_steps: 0
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• use_ipex: False
• bf16: False
• fp16: False
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 0
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: True
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch_fused
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: False
• hub_always_push: False
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• dispatch_batches: None
• split_batches: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

</details>

Training Logs

• The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.10.12
• Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
• Transformers: 4.41.2
• PyTorch: 2.1.2+cu121
• Accelerate: 0.32.1
• Datasets: 2.19.1
• Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

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