example-splade-cocondenser-ensembledistil-nli

splade-cocondenser-ensembledistil trained on Natural Language Inference (NLI)

This is a SPLADE Sparse Encoder model finetuned from naver/splade-cocondenser-ensembledistil on the all-nli dataset using the sentence-transformers library. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 30522-dimensional sparse vector space and can be used for semantic search and sparse retrieval.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: SPLADE Sparse Encoder
• Base model: naver/splade-cocondenser-ensembledistil <!-- at revision 25178a62708a3ab1b5c4b5eb30764d65bfddcfbb -->
• Maximum Sequence Length: 256 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 30522 dimensions
• Similarity Function: Dot Product
• Training Dataset:
  • all-nli
• Language: en
• License: apache-2.0

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Documentation: Sparse Encoder Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sparse Encoders on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SparseEncoder(
  (0): MLMTransformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False}) with MLMTransformer model: BertForMaskedLM 
  (1): SpladePooling({'pooling_strategy': 'max', 'activation_function': 'relu', 'word_embedding_dimension': 30522})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SparseEncoder

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SparseEncoder("arthurbresnu/example-splade-cocondenser-ensembledistil-nli")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'A man is sitting in on the side of the street with brass pots.',
    'A man is playing with the brass pots',
    'A group of adults are swimming at the beach.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# (3, 30522)

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

<!-- ### Direct Usage (Transformers) <details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary> </details> --> <!-- ### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers) You can finetune this model on your own dataset. <details><summary>Click to expand</summary> </details> --> <!-- ### Out-of-Scope Use *List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.* -->

Evaluation

Metrics

Semantic Similarity

• Datasets: sts-dev and sts-test
• Evaluated with <code>SparseEmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>

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Training Details

Training Dataset

all-nli

• Dataset: all-nli at d482672
• Size: 10,000 training samples
• Columns: <code>sentence1</code>, <code>sentence2</code>, and <code>score</code>
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	sentence1	sentence2	score
  type	string	string	float
  details	<ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 17.38 tokens</li><li>max: 52 tokens</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.7 tokens</li><li>max: 31 tokens</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.5</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul>

• Samples:

  sentence1	sentence2	score
  <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code>	<code>A person is training his horse for a competition.</code>	<code>0.5</code>
  <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code>	<code>A person is at a diner, ordering an omelette.</code>	<code>0.0</code>
  <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code>	<code>A person is outdoors, on a horse.</code>	<code>1.0</code>

• Loss: <code>SpladeLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "loss": "SparseMultipleNegativesRankingLoss(scale=1, similarity_fct='dot_score')",
      "lambda_corpus": 0.003
  }
  

Evaluation Dataset

all-nli

• Dataset: all-nli at d482672
• Size: 1,000 evaluation samples
• Columns: <code>sentence1</code>, <code>sentence2</code>, and <code>score</code>
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	sentence1	sentence2	score
  type	string	string	float
  details	<ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 18.44 tokens</li><li>max: 57 tokens</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.57 tokens</li><li>max: 25 tokens</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.5</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul>

• Samples:

  sentence1	sentence2	score
  <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code>	<code>The sisters are hugging goodbye while holding to go packages after just eating lunch.</code>	<code>0.5</code>
  <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code>	<code>Two woman are holding packages.</code>	<code>1.0</code>
  <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code>	<code>The men are fighting outside a deli.</code>	<code>0.0</code>

• Loss: <code>SpladeLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "loss": "SparseMultipleNegativesRankingLoss(scale=1, similarity_fct='dot_score')",
      "lambda_corpus": 0.003
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: steps
• per_device_train_batch_size: 16
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
• learning_rate: 4e-06
• num_train_epochs: 1
• bf16: True
• load_best_model_at_end: True
• batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: steps
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 16
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• learning_rate: 4e-06
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1.0
• num_train_epochs: 1
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.0
• warmup_steps: 0
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• use_ipex: False
• bf16: True
• fp16: False
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 0
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: True
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• tp_size: 0
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: None
• hub_always_push: False
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• include_for_metrics: []
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• dispatch_batches: None
• split_batches: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• eval_on_start: False
• use_liger_kernel: False
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• average_tokens_across_devices: False
• prompts: None
• batch_sampler: no_duplicates
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

</details>

Training Logs

• The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

Environmental Impact

Carbon emissions were measured using CodeCarbon.

• Energy Consumed: 0.003 kWh
• Carbon Emitted: 0.000 kg of CO2
• Hours Used: 0.025 hours

Training Hardware

• On Cloud: No
• GPU Model: 1 x NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3070 Ti Laptop GPU
• CPU Model: AMD Ryzen 9 6900HX with Radeon Graphics
• RAM Size: 30.61 GB

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.12.9
• Sentence Transformers: 4.2.0.dev0
• Transformers: 4.50.3
• PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
• Accelerate: 1.6.0
• Datasets: 3.5.0
• Tokenizers: 0.21.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

SpladeLoss

@misc{formal2022distillationhardnegativesampling,
      title={From Distillation to Hard Negative Sampling: Making Sparse Neural IR Models More Effective},
      author={Thibault Formal and Carlos Lassance and Benjamin Piwowarski and Stéphane Clinchant},
      year={2022},
      eprint={2205.04733},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.IR},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.04733},
}

SparseMultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

FlopsLoss

@article{paria2020minimizing,
    title={Minimizing flops to learn efficient sparse representations},
    author={Paria, Biswajit and Yeh, Chih-Kuan and Yen, Ian EH and Xu, Ning and Ravikumar, Pradeep and P{'o}czos, Barnab{'a}s},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.05665},
    year={2020}
    }

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