legal-ft-arctic-l

SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• Base model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l <!-- at revision 9a9e5834d2e89cdd8bb72b64111dde496e4fe78c -->
• Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 1024 tokens
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown --> <!-- - **Language:** Unknown --> <!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("llm-wizard/legal-ft-arctic-l")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    "What recent partnership did News Corp enter into regarding licensing content for OpenAI's applications?",
    'licensing initiatives abound.”3 For example, News Corp recently partnered with OpenAI to license \nits content for certain uses in OpenAI’s applications. OpenAI users will have the benefit of \naccessing Plaintiffs’ content, whether quoted or summarized by OpenAI. This cooperative \nrelationship will allow OpenAI and Plaintiffs to experiment with new product experiences and \nrevenue models. \n15. \nGenerative AI technology can be developed in two ways. It can be developed \nlegally by recognizing the legitimate rights of copyright holders and by including in the AI business \nmodel the legitimate costs and benefits of licensing the copyrighted material, or it can be developed',
    'integrity infractions.   Plain and simple.  It should not take the Plaintiffs engaging counsel, \ndemanding information and forcing Hingham to investigate this matter to reveal that selection for \nNHS was a manipulated sham conducted by the Defendants, who at all times relevant were state \nactors. \nC. The Student Will Suffer Irreparable Harm If The Injunction is Not Granted \nIn order for the Plaintiffs to obtain injunctive relief, they must show that they are "likely to \nsuffer irreparable injury before a decision is rendered on the merits." See Philips Elecs. N. Am. \nCorp. v. Halperin, 2000 Mass. Super LEXIS 574 citing Sierra Club v. Larson, 769 F. Supp. 420,',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

<!-- ### Direct Usage (Transformers) <details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary> </details> --> <!-- ### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers) You can finetune this model on your own dataset. <details><summary>Click to expand</summary> </details> --> <!-- ### Out-of-Scope Use *List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.* -->

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• Evaluated with <code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>

<!-- ## Bias, Risks and Limitations *What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.* --> <!-- ### Recommendations *What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.* -->

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• Size: 400 training samples
• Columns: <code>sentence_0</code> and <code>sentence_1</code>
• Approximate statistics based on the first 400 samples:

  	sentence_0	sentence_1
  type	string	string
  details	<ul><li>min: 10 tokens</li><li>mean: 20.73 tokens</li><li>max: 34 tokens</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 25 tokens</li><li>mean: 140.37 tokens</li><li>max: 260 tokens</li></ul>

• Samples:

  sentence_0	sentence_1
  <code>How does Perplexity's business model differ from that of traditional search engines?</code>	<code>11. <br>Perplexity’s business is fundamentally distinct from that of traditional search <br>engines that also copy a vast amount of content into their indices but do so merely to provide links <br>to the originating sites. In its traditional form, a search engine is a tool for discovery, pointing <br>searchers to websites such as the pages of The Wall Street Journal or the New York Post, where the <br>users can click to find the information and answers they seek. Those clicks in turn provide revenue <br>for content producers. In part because traditional search engines that simply provide hyperlinks <br>promote merely the discovery of copyrighted content, and not its substitution (and commercial</code>
  <code>What role do clicks on traditional search engines play in the revenue generation for content producers?</code>	<code>11. <br>Perplexity’s business is fundamentally distinct from that of traditional search <br>engines that also copy a vast amount of content into their indices but do so merely to provide links <br>to the originating sites. In its traditional form, a search engine is a tool for discovery, pointing <br>searchers to websites such as the pages of The Wall Street Journal or the New York Post, where the <br>users can click to find the information and answers they seek. Those clicks in turn provide revenue <br>for content producers. In part because traditional search engines that simply provide hyperlinks <br>promote merely the discovery of copyrighted content, and not its substitution (and commercial</code>
  <code>Who were the founders of Dow Jones?</code>	<code>founded by reporters Charles Dow, Edward Jones, and Charles Bergstresser. Publishing the first <br>edition of The Wall Street Journal in July 1889, Dow Jones has now expanded into a worldwide <br>news powerhouse. It creates and distributes some of the most widely recognized and reputable <br>publications in the news industry, including, in addition to The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones <br>Newswires, MarketWatch, Financial News, and Barron’s. <br>29. <br>Dow Jones is a trusted source of accurate, original news stories, data and analytics, <br>and financial and business insight for millions of customers across the country and around the <br>world. <br>30. <br>A recipient of 39 Pulitzer Prizes, the award-winning newsroom at The Wall Street</code>

• Loss: <code>MatryoshkaLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
      "matryoshka_dims": [
          768,
          512,
          256,
          128,
          64
      ],
      "matryoshka_weights": [
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1
      ],
      "n_dims_per_step": -1
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: steps
• per_device_train_batch_size: 10
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 10
• num_train_epochs: 10
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: steps
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 10
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 10
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• learning_rate: 5e-05
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1
• num_train_epochs: 10
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.0
• warmup_steps: 0
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• use_ipex: False
• bf16: False
• fp16: False
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 0
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: False
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: False
• hub_always_push: False
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• dispatch_batches: None
• split_batches: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• eval_on_start: False
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

</details>

Training Logs

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.10.12
• Sentence Transformers: 3.2.1
• Transformers: 4.44.2
• PyTorch: 2.4.1+cu121
• Accelerate: 0.34.2
• Datasets: 3.0.2
• Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

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