lzh_hant_full

lzh_hant_full

Goldfish is a suite of monolingual language models trained for 350 languages. This model is the <b>Literary Chinese</b> (Han Traditional script) model trained on 15MB of data (all our data in the language), after accounting for an estimated byte premium of 0.70; content-matched text in Literary Chinese takes on average 0.70x as many UTF-8 bytes to encode as English. The Goldfish models are trained primarily for comparability across languages and for low-resource languages; Goldfish performance for high-resource languages is not designed to be comparable with modern large language models (LLMs).

Note: lzh_hant is an individual language code. Macrolanguage code zho_hant (Chinese) is included in Goldfish. Consider using that model depending on your use case.

All training and hyperparameter details are in our paper, Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages (Chang et al., 2024).

Training code and sample usage: https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish

Sample usage also in this Google Colab: link

Model details:

To access all Goldfish model details programmatically, see https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish/blob/main/model_details.json. All models are trained with a [CLS] (same as [BOS]) token prepended, and a [SEP] (same as [EOS]) token separating sequences. For best results, make sure that [CLS] is prepended to your input sequence (see sample usage linked above)! Details for this model specifically:

• Architecture: gpt2
• Parameters: 124770816
• Maximum sequence length: 512 tokens
• Training text data (raw): 10.64MB
• Training text data (byte premium scaled): 15.205MB
• Training tokens: 2767872 (x10 epochs)
• Vocabulary size: 50000
• Compute cost: 1.4119698825216e+16 FLOPs or ~1.3 NVIDIA A6000 GPU hours

Training datasets (percentages prior to deduplication):

• 53.82278%: Wikipedia 2023/08
• 46.05529%: Glot500, including Tatoeba, Wikipedia Hugging Face
• 0.12193%: Tatoeba

Citation

If you use this model, please cite:

@article{chang-etal-2024-goldfish,
  title={Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages},
  author={Chang, Tyler A. and Arnett, Catherine and Tu, Zhuowen and Bergen, Benjamin K.},
  journal={Preprint},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2408.10441},
}