xlm_roberta_base_assin_fine_tuned

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This is a XLM-RoBERTa-base fine-tuned model on 5K (premise, hypothesis) sentence pairs from the ASSIN (Avaliação de Similaridade Semântica e Inferência textual) corpus. The original reference papers are: Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning At Scale, ASSIN: Avaliação de Similaridade Semântica e Inferência Textual, respectivelly. This model is suitable for Portuguese (from Brazil or Portugal).

Model Details

Model Description

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• Developed by: Giovani Tavares and Felipe Ribas Serras
• Oriented By: Renata Wassermann, Felipe Ribas Serras and Marcelo Finger
• Model type: Transformer-based text classifier
• Language(s) (NLP): Portuguese
• License: mit
• Finetuned from model XLM-RoBERTa-base

Model Sources

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• Repository: Natural-Portuguese-Language-Inference
• Paper: This is an ongoing research. We are currently writing a paper where we fully describe our experiments.

Uses

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Direct Use

This fine-tuned version of XLM-RoBERTa-base performs Natural Language Inference (NLI), which is a text classification task. Therefore, it classifies pairs of sentences in the form (premise, hypothesis) into one of the following classes ENTAILMENT, PARAPHRASE or NONE. Salvatore's definition [1] for ENTAILEMENT is assumed to be the same as the one found in ASSIN's labels in which this model was trained on.

PARAPHRASE and NONE are not defined in [1].Therefore, it is assumed that in this model's training set, given a pair of sentences (paraphase, hypothesis), hypothesis is a PARAPHRASE of premise if premise is an ENTAILMENT of hypothesis and vice-versa. If (premise, hypothesis) don't have an ENTAILMENT or PARAPHARSE relationship, (premise, hypothesis) is classified as NONE.

<!-- <div id="assin_function"> **Definition 1.** Given a pair of sentences $(premise, hypothesis)$, let $\hat{f}^{(xlmr\_base)}$ be the fine-tuned models' inference function: $$ \hat{f}^{(xlmr\_base)} = \begin{cases} ENTAILMENT, & \text{if $premise$ entails $hypothesis$}\\ PARAPHRASE, & \text{if $premise$ entails $hypothesis$ and $hypothesis$ entails $premise$}\\ NONE & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} $$ </div> The (premise, hypothesis)$ entailment definition used is the same as the one found in Salvatore's paper [1].--> <!-- ## Bias, Risks, and Limitations <!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->

Demo

from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification, AutoTokenizer
import torch

model_path = "giotvr/portuguese-nli-3-labels"
premise = "As mudanças climáticas são uma ameaça séria para a biodiversidade do planeta."
hypothesis ="A biodiversidade do planeta é seriamente ameaçada pelas mudanças climáticas."
tokenizer = XLMRobertaTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_path, use_auth_token=True)
input_pair = tokenizer(premise, hypothesis, return_tensors="pt",padding=True, truncation=True)
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(model_path, use_auth_token=True)

with torch.no_grad():
    logits = model(**input_pair).logits
probs = torch.nn.functional.softmax(logits, dim=-1)
probs, sorted_indices = torch.sort(probs, descending=True)
for i, score in enumerate(probs[0]):
    print(f"Class {sorted_indices[0][i]}: {score.item():.4f}")

Recommendations

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This model should be used for scientific purposes only. It was not tested for production environments.

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Fine-Tuning Details

Fine-Tuning Data

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• Train Dataset: ASSIN <br>

• Evaluation Dataset used for Hyperparameter Tuning: ASSIN's validation split

• Test Datasets:

  • ASSIN's test splits
  • ASSIN2's test splits

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This is a fine tuned version of XLM-RoBERTa-base using the ASSIN (Avaliação de Similaridade Semântica e Inferência textual) dataset. ASSIN is a corpus annotated with hypothesis/premise Portuguese sentence pairs suitable for detecting textual entailment, paraphrase or neutral relationship between the members of such pairs. Such corpus has three subsets: ptbr (Brazilian Portuguese), ptpt (Portuguese Portuguese) and full (the union of the latter with the former). The full subset has 10k sentence pairs equally distributed between ptbr and ptpt subsets.

Fine-Tuning Procedure

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The model's fine-tuning procedure can be summarized in three major subsequent tasks: <ol type="i"> <li>Data Processing:</li> ASSIN's validation and train splits were loaded from the Hugging Face Hub and processed afterwards; <li>Hyperparameter Tuning:</li> XLM-RoBERTa-base's hyperparameters were chosen with the help of the Weights & Biases API to track the results and upload the fine-tuned models; <li>Final Model Loading and Testing:</li> The models' performance was evaluated using different datasets and metrics that will be better described in the future paper. </ol>

<!-- ##### Column Renaming The **Hugging Face**'s ```transformers``` module's ```DataCollator``` used by its ```Trainer``` requires that the ```class label``` column of the collated dataset to be called ```label```. [ASSIN](https://huggingface.co/datasets/assin)'s class label column for each hypothesis/premise pair is called ```entailment_judgement```. Therefore, as the first step of the data preprocessing pipeline the column ```entailment_judgement``` was renamed to ```label``` so that the **Hugging Face**'s ```transformers``` module's ```Trainer``` could be used. -->

Hyperparameter Tuning

<!-- The model's training hyperparameters were chosen according to the following definition: <div id="hyperparameter_tuning"> **Definition 2.** Let $Hyperparms= \{i: i \text{ is an hyperparameter of } \hat{f}^{(xlmr\_base)}\}$ and $\hat{f}^{(xlmr\_base)}$ be the model's inference function defined in [Definition 1](#assin_function) : $$ Hyperparms = \argmax_{hyp}(eval\_acc(\hat{f}^{(xlmr\_base)}_{hyp}, assin\_validation)) $$ </div> -->

The following hyperparameters were tested in order to maximize the evaluation accuracy.

• Number of Training Epochs: (1,2,3)
• Per Device Train Batch Size: (16,32)
• Learning Rate: (1e-6, 2e-6,3e-6)

The hyperaparemeter tuning experiments were run and tracked using the Weights & Biases' API and can be found at this link.

Training Hyperparameters

The hyperparameter tuning performed yelded the following values:

• Number of Training Epochs: 3
• Per Device Train Batch Size: 16
• Learning Rate: 3e-6

Evaluation

ASSIN

Testing this model in ASSIN's test split is straightforward because this model was tested using ASSIN's training set and therefore can predict the same labels as the ones found in its test set.

ASSIN2

<!-- Given a pair of sentences $(premise, hypothesis)$, $\hat{f}^{(xlmr\_base)}(premise, hypothesis)$ can be equal to $PARAPHRASE, ENTAILMENT$ or $NONE$ as defined in [Definition 1](#assin_function). -->

ASSIN2's test split's class label's column has only two possible values: ENTAILMENT and NONE. Therefore some mapping must be done so this model can be tested in ASSIN2's test split. More information on how such mapping is performed will be available in the referred paper.

Metrics

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The model's performance metrics for each test dataset are presented separately. Accuracy, f1 score, precision and recall were the metrics used to every evaluation performed. Such metrics are reported below. More information on such metrics them will be available in our ongoing research paper.

Results

Model Examination

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Some interpretability work is being done in order to understand the model's behavior. Such details will be available in the previoulsy referred paper.

<!--## Environmental Impact <!-- Total emissions (in grams of CO2eq) and additional considerations, such as electricity usage, go here. Edit the suggested text below accordingly Carbon emissions can be estimated using the [Machine Learning Impact calculator](https://mlco2.github.io/impact#compute) presented in [Lacoste et al. (2019)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09700). - **Hardware Type:** [More Information Needed] - **Hours used:** [More Information Needed] - **Cloud Provider:** [More Information Needed] - **Compute Region:** [More Information Needed] - **Carbon Emitted:** [More Information Needed] --> <!-- ## Citation <!-- If there is a paper or blog post introducing the model, the APA and Bibtex information for that should go in this section. **BibTeX:** ```bibtex @article{tcc_paper, author = {Giovani Tavares and Felipe Ribas Serras and Renata Wassermann and Marcelo Finger}, title = {Modelos Transformer para Inferência de Linguagem Natural em Português}, pages = {x--y}, year = {2023} } ``` -->

References

[1]Salvatore, F. S. (2020). Analyzing Natural Language Inference from a Rigorous Point of View (pp. 1-2).

<!--[2][Andrade, G. T. (2023) Modelos para Inferência em Linguagem Natural que entendem a Língua Portuguesa (train_assin_xlmr_base_results PAGES GO HERE)](https://linux.ime.usp.br/~giovani/) [3][Andrade, G. T. (2023) Modelos para Inferência em Linguagem Natural que entendem a Língua Portuguesa (train_assin_xlmr_base_conclusions PAGES GO HERE)](https://linux.ime.usp.br/~giovani/) -->