midterm-finetuned-arctic

SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• Base model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m <!-- at revision e2b128b9fa60c82b4585512b33e1544224ffff42 -->
• Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 768 tokens
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown --> <!-- - **Language:** Unknown --> <!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("XicoC/midterm-finetuned-arctic")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'What are the key components involved in ensuring data quality and ethical considerations in AI systems?',
    'Data quality; Model architecture (e.g., convolutional neural network, transformers, etc.); Optimizatio n objectives; Training algorithms; RLHF \napproaches; Fine -tuning or retrieval- augmented generation approaches; \nEvaluation data; Ethical considerations; Legal and regulatory requirements.  Information Integrity ; Harmful Bias \nand Homogenization  \nAI Actor Tasks:  AI Deployment, AI Impact Assessment, Domain Experts, End -Users, Operation and Monitoring, TEVV  \n \nMEASURE 2.10:  Privacy risk of the AI system – as identified in the MAP function – is examined and documented.  \nAction ID  Suggested Action  GAI Risks  \nMS-2.10- 001 Conduct AI red -teaming to assess issues  such as: Outputting of training data',
    '30 MEASURE 2.2:  Evaluations involving human subjects meet applicable requirements (including human subject protection) and are \nrepresentative of the relevant population.  \nAction ID  Suggested Action  GAI Risks  \nMS-2.2-001 Assess and manage statistical biases related to GAI content provenance through \ntechniques such as re -sampling, re -weighting, or adversarial training.  Information Integrity ; Information \nSecurity ; Harmful Bias and \nHomogenization  \nMS-2.2-002 Document how content provenance data  is tracked  and how that data interact s \nwith  privacy and security . Consider : Anonymiz ing data to protect the privacy of \nhuman subjects; Leverag ing privacy output filters; Remov ing any personally',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

<!-- ### Direct Usage (Transformers) <details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary> </details> --> <!-- ### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers) You can finetune this model on your own dataset. <details><summary>Click to expand</summary> </details> --> <!-- ### Out-of-Scope Use *List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.* -->

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• Evaluated with <code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>

<!-- ## Bias, Risks and Limitations *What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.* --> <!-- ### Recommendations *What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.* -->

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• Size: 600 training samples
• Columns: <code>sentence_0</code> and <code>sentence_1</code>
• Approximate statistics based on the first 600 samples:

  	sentence_0	sentence_1
  type	string	string
  details	<ul><li>min: 13 tokens</li><li>mean: 21.67 tokens</li><li>max: 34 tokens</li></ul>	<ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 132.86 tokens</li><li>max: 512 tokens</li></ul>

• Samples:

  sentence_0	sentence_1
  <code>What is the title of the NIST publication related to Artificial Intelligence Risk Management?</code>	<code>NIST Trustworthy and Responsible AI <br>NIST AI 600 -1 <br>Artificial Intelligence Risk Management <br>Framework: Generative Artificial <br>Intelligence Profile <br> <br> <br>This publication is available free of charge from: <br>https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.600 -1</code>
  <code>Where can the NIST AI 600 -1 publication be accessed for free?</code>	<code>NIST Trustworthy and Responsible AI <br>NIST AI 600 -1 <br>Artificial Intelligence Risk Management <br>Framework: Generative Artificial <br>Intelligence Profile <br> <br> <br>This publication is available free of charge from: <br>https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.600 -1</code>
  <code>What is the title of the publication released by NIST in July 2024 regarding artificial intelligence?</code>	<code>NIST Trustworthy and Responsible AI <br>NIST AI 600 -1 <br>Artificial Intelligence Risk Management <br>Framework: Generative Artificial <br>Intelligence Profile <br> <br> <br>This publication is available free of charge from: <br>https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.600 -1 <br> <br>July 2024 <br> <br> <br> <br> <br>U.S. Department of Commerce <br>Gina M. Raimondo, Secretary <br>National Institute of Standards and Technology <br>Laurie E. Locascio, NIST Director and Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology</code>

• Loss: <code>MatryoshkaLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
      "matryoshka_dims": [
          768,
          512,
          256,
          128,
          64
      ],
      "matryoshka_weights": [
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1
      ],
      "n_dims_per_step": -1
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: steps
• per_device_train_batch_size: 20
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 20
• num_train_epochs: 5
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: steps
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 20
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 20
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• learning_rate: 5e-05
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1
• num_train_epochs: 5
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.0
• warmup_steps: 0
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• use_ipex: False
• bf16: False
• fp16: False
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 0
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: False
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: False
• hub_always_push: False
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• dispatch_batches: None
• split_batches: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• eval_on_start: False
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

</details>

Training Logs

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.10.12
• Sentence Transformers: 3.1.0
• Transformers: 4.44.2
• PyTorch: 2.4.0+cu121
• Accelerate: 0.34.2
• Datasets: 2.19.2
• Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

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