Spark-X2.5-1.7B

Spark-X2.5

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[!Note] This repository contains model weights and configuration files for the post-trained model in the Hugging Face Transformers format.

Introduction

We are introducing Spark-X2.5-4B and Spark-X2.5-1.7B, two compact, general-purpose language models designed to make capable AI more practical, efficient, and accessible. The models deliver strong performance across a broad range of everyday tasks—including conversation, writing, translation, reasoning, coding, tool use, and agentic workflows—achieving leading results among open-source models of comparable size. Spark-X2.5 combines an efficiency-oriented architecture with native context windows of up to 1M tokens, and support for more than 200 languages.

Technical Highlights:

• Efficient Architecture and Native 1M-token Context: The models use a hybrid attention architecture that combines one full-attention layer with three sliding-window attention layers. This design substantially reduces the computational overhead typically associated with long-context models while natively supporting a context window of up to 1M tokens.
• Strong Coding and Agent Capabilities: The models are deeply integrated with popular agent harnesses, including Codex, Claude Code, OpenClaw, and Hermes. They deliver state-of-the-art performance among models of comparable size across everyday coding, agentic workflows, reasoning, and instruction-following tasks.
• Broad Hardware and Software Compatibility: The models support a wide range of hardware platforms, including NVIDIA, Huawei, Hygon, HOUMO.AI, etc. It is compatible with leading inference frameworks such as vLLM, SGLang, llama.cpp, MLX, and can be deployed quickly through platforms including Ollama and LM Studio. The models can also be customized using popular fine-tuning frameworks such as LLaMA-Factory. Across multiple hardware platforms, they deliver superior TTFT, TOPT, and overall inference efficiency compared with similarly sized models.
• Advanced Training Algorithms: The models were trained on Huawei Ascend clusters. Large-scale reinforcement learning and post-training techniques such as MOPD significantly enhance its reasoning, coding, agentic, and instruction-following capabilities.

<p align="center"> <img src="./images/model-benchmark-comparison.svg" alt="Spark-X2.5 benchmark comparison"> </p>

Model Overview

For agent tasks, balancing performance, inference speed, and cache usage has long been a key bottleneck limiting model performance. Spark-X2.5 systematically integrates and optimizes mature attention technologies, combining sliding-window attention (SWA) with a hybrid full-attention architecture. This approach leverages the strengths of both mechanisms while avoiding the limitations of relying on a single structure, achieving an effective balance among performance, inference efficiency, and KV-cache size—thereby improving its practicality and effectiveness across real-world deployment scenarios.

<p align="center"> <img src="./images/spark25-hybrid-architecture-light.png" alt="Spark-X2.5 hybrid architecture"> </p>

Training Methods

Spark-X2.5 is pretrained on approximately 20 trillion tokens from a diverse corpus spanning web pages, books, academic publications, code, and encyclopedic materials. Particular attention is paid to data quality, domain coverage, and the sampling weights assigned to different data categories. Extensive data-mixture studies are conducted to determine an effective balance among mathematics, logic, code, and other high-value domains. This enables the models to acquire broad general knowledge while developing stronger capabilities in complex reasoning and code generation. Long-context capability is developed through a dedicated training stage comprising hundreds of billions of tokens, with sequence lengths extending to 1M tokens.

Post-training begins with supervised fine-tuning on a carefully curated corpus. This stage establishes robust instruction following, structured generation, and task-completion, while providing a stable policy initialization for reinforcement learning. We subsequently apply large-scale reinforcement learning across several capability domains, including language understanding, reasoning, programming, tool-augmented agentic behavior, and instruction following. This process yields a set of domain-specialized teacher policies, whose complementary strengths are consolidated into a single deployable model through MOPD.

<p align="center"> <img src="./images/post_training_pipeline.svg" alt="Spark-X2.5 hybrid architecture"> </p>

Benchmarks

We evaluate our models and compare them with leading on-device models of similar size across a broad range of tasks, including agent, code, math, general and knowledge.

<div style="overflow-x: auto; width: 100%;"> <table style="width: 100%; min-width: 1080px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;"> <colgroup> <col style="width: 190px;"> <col span="8" style="width: 110px;"> </colgroup> <thead> <tr> <th align="center">Benchmark</th> <th align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Spark‑X2.5‑4B</span></th> <th align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Spark‑X2.5‑1.7B</span></th> <th align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Qwen3.5‑9B</span></th> <th align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Qwen3.5‑4B</span></th> <th align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Qwen3.5‑2B</span></th> <th align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Gemma4‑12B</span></th> <th align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Gemma4‑E4B</span></th> <th align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Gemma4‑E2B</span></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><th colspan="9" align="left">Agent</th></tr> <tr><td align="center">BFCL‑V4</td><td align="center">65.1</td><td align="center">46.9</td><td align="center"><strong>66.1*</strong></td><td align="center">50.3*</td><td align="center">43.6*</td><td align="center">37.4</td><td align="center">36.9</td><td align="center">30.2</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">τ²‑bench</td><td align="center">75.1</td><td align="center">65.3</td><td align="center">79.1*</td><td align="center"><strong>79.9*</strong></td><td align="center">48.8*</td><td align="center">69.0*</td><td align="center">42.2*</td><td align="center">24.5*</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">τ³‑bench</td><td align="center"><strong>30.4</strong></td><td align="center">20.1</td><td align="center">9.3</td><td align="center">6.7</td><td align="center">4.1</td><td align="center">13.3</td><td align="center">10.1</td><td align="center">8.8</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">MCP‑Atlas</td><td align="center"><strong>54.6</strong></td><td align="center">23.4</td><td align="center">47.4*</td><td align="center">40.8*</td><td align="center">14.8</td><td align="center">30.5*</td><td align="center">15.0*</td><td align="center">12.6</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">MCP‑Mark</td><td align="center"><strong>14.2</strong></td><td align="center">2.3</td><td align="center">13.4</td><td align="center">12.5</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Workspace Bench</span></td><td align="center"><strong>31.2</strong></td><td align="center">18.9</td><td align="center">25.5</td><td align="center">21.3</td><td align="center">7.7</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">VitaBench2.0</td><td align="center"><strong>25.2</strong></td><td align="center">8.3</td><td align="center">15.6</td><td align="center">18.2</td><td align="center">5.2</td><td align="center">12.4</td><td align="center">4.8</td><td align="center">4.4</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">BrowseComp</td><td align="center"><strong>40.9</strong></td><td align="center">29.7</td><td align="center">8.3</td><td align="center">14.3</td><td align="center">3.1</td><td align="center">10.0</td><td align="center">8.3</td><td align="center">3.7</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="9" align="left">Code</th></tr> <tr><td align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">SWE‑Bench Pro</span></td><td align="center"><strong>44.4</strong></td><td align="center">10.4</td><td align="center">33.8*</td><td align="center">29.4*</td><td align="center">1.9</td><td align="center">21.9*</td><td align="center">4.0*</td><td align="center">–</td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">SWE‑Bench Verified</span></td><td align="center">41.6</td><td align="center">28.3</td><td align="center"><strong>53.1*</strong></td><td align="center">38.8*</td><td align="center">6.8</td><td align="center">44.2*</td><td align="center">14.0*</td><td align="center">–</td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">SWE‑Bench Multilingual</span></td><td align="center"><strong>53.3</strong></td><td align="center">23.3</td><td align="center">43.3</td><td align="center">27.7</td><td align="center">5.0</td><td align="center">32.5*</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">SciCode</td><td align="center">34.7</td><td align="center">18.2</td><td align="center">32.7*</td><td align="center">24.0</td><td align="center">6.0</td><td align="center"><strong>39.8</strong></td><td align="center">27.5</td><td align="center">20.5</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="9" align="left">Math</th></tr> <tr><td align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Gaokao 2026</span></td><td align="center">133.4</td><td align="center">114.8</td><td align="center"><strong>135.5</strong></td><td align="center">130.3</td><td align="center">94.0</td><td align="center">130.6</td><td align="center">102.4</td><td align="center">81.8</td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">AIME 2026</span></td><td align="center"><strong>90.7</strong></td><td align="center">69.4</td><td align="center">88.2</td><td align="center">83.0</td><td align="center">30.8</td><td align="center">82.1*</td><td align="center">42.5*</td><td align="center">37.5*</td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">HMMT Feb 2026</span></td><td align="center"><strong>81.2</strong></td><td align="center">48.4</td><td align="center">70.8</td><td align="center">69.7</td><td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">65.6</td><td align="center">34.2</td><td align="center">20.5</td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">IMO‑AnswerBench</span></td><td align="center"><strong>74.2</strong></td><td align="center">45.4</td><td align="center">69.8</td><td align="center">68.5</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">57.2</td><td align="center">26.9</td><td align="center">22.6</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="9" align="left">General &amp; Knowledge</th></tr> <tr><td align="center">IFEval</td><td align="center">93.0</td><td align="center">89.5</td><td align="center">91.5*</td><td align="center">89.8*</td><td align="center">78.6*</td><td align="center"><strong>94.8</strong></td><td align="center">45.3</td><td align="center">34.8</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">IFBench</td><td align="center"><strong>75.0</strong></td><td align="center">66.3</td><td align="center">64.5</td><td align="center">59.2</td><td align="center">41.3*</td><td align="center">73.5*</td><td align="center">44.0*</td><td align="center">22.7</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">AA‑LCR</td><td align="center">56.3</td><td align="center">24.3</td><td align="center"><strong>63.0*</strong></td><td align="center">57.0*</td><td align="center">25.6*</td><td align="center">55.3*</td><td align="center">34.7</td><td align="center">18.3</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">HLE</td><td align="center">12.3</td><td align="center">6.3</td><td align="center"><strong>14.3</strong></td><td align="center">8.6</td><td align="center">2.1</td><td align="center">13.1</td><td align="center">3.9</td><td align="center">2.5</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">GPQA</td><td align="center">67.4</td><td align="center">43.8</td><td align="center"><strong>77.2</strong></td><td align="center">67.2</td><td align="center">44.6</td><td align="center">72.8</td><td align="center">54.5</td><td align="center">43.8</td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

• * denotes reported results from publicly‑released model cards / papers and - denotes scores not yet available.
• All evaluations are conducted in thinking mode. The recommended sampling parameters for Spark-X2.5 are temperature=1.0, top_p=0.95, and top_k=-1.
• Gaokao 2026 consists of the five 2026 Chinese GAOKAO examinations (National I,National II, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin), each graded out of 150 points.

Quickstart

The examples below serve a local Spark-X2.5-1.7B checkpoint. Set MODEL_PATH to its absolute path before starting a container:

export MODEL_PATH=/absolute/path/to/Spark-X2.5-1.7B

SGLang

Install SGLang

Use the pre-built image that tracks the Spark-X2.5 runtime:

For NVIDIA GPUs:

docker pull lmsysorg/sglang:nightly-dev-cu13-20260827-20621aa1

For Ascend NPUs:

# A3 daily build
export SGLANG_IMAGE=quay.io/ascend/sglang:main-cann9.0.0-a3

# A2 daily build (use this instead on A2 hardware)
export SGLANG_IMAGE=quay.io/ascend/sglang:main-cann9.0.0-910b

docker pull "$SGLANG_IMAGE"

Run Inference

The following commands start an OpenAI-compatible API server configured for a maximum context length of 1,048,576 tokens. This setting requires sufficient device memory; reduce --context-length when necessary.

Server

NVIDIA GPU:

docker run --rm -it \
  --gpus '"device=0"' \
  --ipc=host \
  -p 30000:30000 \
  -v "$MODEL_PATH:/root/Spark-X2.5-1.7B:ro" \
  lmsysorg/sglang:nightly-dev-cu13-20260827-20621aa1 \
  python -m sglang.launch_server \
    --model-path /root/Spark-X2.5-1.7B \
    --served-model-name spark2.5 \
    --tool-call-parser spark25 \
    --reasoning-parser qwen3 \
    --tp-size 1 \
    --mem-fraction-static 0.8 \
    --context-length 1048576 \
    --chat-template /root/Spark-X2.5-1.7B/chat_template.jinja \
    --host 0.0.0.0 \
    --port 30000

Ascend NPU:

docker run -it --rm -e ASCEND_USE_FIA=1 --network=host --ipc=host --shm-size=16g \
    --device=/dev/davinci0 --device=/dev/davinci1 --device=/dev/davinci2 --device=/dev/davinci3 \
    --device=/dev/davinci4 --device=/dev/davinci5 --device=/dev/davinci6 --device=/dev/davinci7 \
    --device=/dev/davinci8 --device=/dev/davinci9 --device=/dev/davinci10 --device=/dev/davinci11 \
    --device=/dev/davinci12 --device=/dev/davinci13 --device=/dev/davinci14 --device=/dev/davinci15 \
    --device=/dev/davinci_manager \
    --device=/dev/devmm_svm \
    --device=/dev/hisi_hdc \
    --volume /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/sbin \
    --volume /usr/local/Ascend/driver:/usr/local/Ascend/driver \
    --volume /usr/local/Ascend/firmware:/usr/local/Ascend/firmware \
    --volume /etc/ascend_install.info:/etc/ascend_install.info \
    --volume /var/queue_schedule:/var/queue_schedule \
    --volume ~/.cache/:/root/.cache/ \
    --volume "$MODEL_PATH:/root/Spark-X2.5-1.7B:ro" \
    --entrypoint=python \
    "$SGLANG_IMAGE" \
    -m sglang.launch_server \
      --model-path /root/Spark-X2.5-1.7B \
      --served-model-name spark2.5 \
      --tool-call-parser spark25 \
      --reasoning-parser qwen3 \
      --tp-size 1 \
      --mem-fraction-static 0.8 \
      --context-length 1048576 \
      --chat-template /root/Spark-X2.5-1.7B/chat_template.jinja \
      --host 0.0.0.0 \
      --port 30000

Client

Thinking is enabled by default by both the chat template and the Qwen3 reasoning parser. To disable thinking for a specific request, set "chat_template_kwargs": {"enable_thinking": false}.

curl -s http://localhost:30000/v1/chat/completions \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "model": "spark2.5",
    "messages": [
      {
        "role": "user",
        "content": "What is the capital of Anhui Province?"
      }
    ],
    "max_tokens": 131072,
    "temperature": 1,
    "top_k": -1,
    "top_p": 0.95,
    "repetition_penalty": 1,
    "presence_penalty": 0,
    "frequency_penalty": 0
  }'

vLLM

Deploy vLLM

vLLM provides an official Docker image for NVIDIA GPU deployment:

docker run --rm --gpus all \
  --ipc=host \
  -p 30000:30000 \
  -v "$MODEL_PATH:/models/Spark-X2.5-1.7B:ro" \
  vllm/vllm-openai:latest \
  --model /models/Spark-X2.5-1.7B \
  --port 30000 \
  --trust-remote-code \
  --served-model-name spark25 \
  --tensor-parallel-size 1 \
  --gpu-memory-utilization 0.7 \
  --enable-prefix-caching \
  --chat-template /models/Spark-X2.5-1.7B/chat_template.jinja

For Ascend NPUs, choose an official image for the fastest setup.

Ascend A2:

export IMAGE=quay.io/ascend/vllm-ascend:nightly-main
docker pull "$IMAGE"

export DEVICE=/dev/davinci0
export MODEL_CACHE="${HOME}/.cache"

mkdir -p "$MODEL_CACHE"

docker run --rm \
    --name vllm-ascend \
    --shm-size=1g \
    --device "$DEVICE" \
    --device /dev/davinci_manager \
    --device /dev/devmm_svm \
    --device /dev/hisi_hdc \
    -v /usr/local/dcmi:/usr/local/dcmi \
    -v /usr/local/bin/npu-smi:/usr/local/bin/npu-smi \
    -v /usr/local/Ascend/driver/lib64/:/usr/local/Ascend/driver/lib64/ \
    -v /usr/local/Ascend/driver/version.info:/usr/local/Ascend/driver/version.info \
    -v /etc/ascend_install.info:/etc/ascend_install.info \
    -v "$MODEL_CACHE:/root/.cache" \
    -p 8000:8000 \
    -it "$IMAGE" bash

Ascend A3:

export IMAGE=quay.io/ascend/vllm-ascend:nightly-main-a3
docker pull "$IMAGE"

export DEVICE0=/dev/davinci0
export DEVICE1=/dev/davinci1
export MODEL_CACHE="${HOME}/.cache"

mkdir -p "$MODEL_CACHE"

docker run --rm \
    --name vllm-ascend \
    --shm-size=1g \
    --device "$DEVICE0" \
    --device "$DEVICE1" \
    --device /dev/davinci_manager \
    --device /dev/devmm_svm \
    --device /dev/hisi_hdc \
    -v /usr/local/dcmi:/usr/local/dcmi \
    -v /usr/local/bin/npu-smi:/usr/local/bin/npu-smi \
    -v /usr/local/Ascend/driver/lib64/:/usr/local/Ascend/driver/lib64/ \
    -v /usr/local/Ascend/driver/version.info:/usr/local/Ascend/driver/version.info \
    -v /etc/ascend_install.info:/etc/ascend_install.info \
    -v "$MODEL_CACHE:/root/.cache" \
    -p 8000:8000 \
    -it "$IMAGE" bash

Ascend 950DT:

export IMAGE=quay.io/ascend/vllm-ascend:nightly-main-a5
docker pull "$IMAGE"

export MODEL_CACHE="${HOME}/.cache"

mkdir -p "$MODEL_CACHE"

docker run --rm \
    --name vllm-ascend \
    --net=host \
    --shm-size=1g \
    --device /dev/davinci0 \
    --device /dev/davinci_manager \
    --device /dev/devmm_svm \
    --device /dev/hisi_hdc \
    -v /usr/local/dcmi:/usr/local/dcmi \
    -v /usr/local/Ascend/driver/tools/hccn_tool:/usr/local/Ascend/driver/tools/hccn_tool \
    -v /usr/local/bin/npu-smi:/usr/local/bin/npu-smi \
    -v /usr/local/Ascend/driver/lib64/:/usr/local/Ascend/driver/lib64/ \
    -v /usr/local/Ascend/driver/version.info:/usr/local/Ascend/driver/version.info \
    -v /etc/ascend_install.info:/etc/ascend_install.info \
    -v "$MODEL_CACHE:/root/.cache" \
    -it "$IMAGE" bash

Install the Spark plugin inside the container:

pip install uv
uv venv ~/spark2_5
source ~/spark2_5/bin/activate
git clone https://github.com/XHToken/Spark-plugin.git
cd ./Spark-plugin
uv pip install .

Server

vllm serve "/models/Spark-X2.5-1.7B" \
 --port "30000" \
 --trust-remote-code \
 --served-model-name spark25 \
 --tensor-parallel-size 1 \
 --gpu-memory-utilization 0.7 \
 --enable-prefix-caching \
 --chat-template /models/Spark-X2.5-1.7B/chat_template.jinja

Client

curl -s http://127.0.0.1:30000/v1/chat/completions \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "model": "spark25",
    "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of Anhui Province?"}],
    "temperature": 1.0, 
    "top_k": -1,
    "top_p": 0.95
  }'

MLX

Spark-MLX-LLM runs the original Spark-X2.5 Hugging Face checkpoints locally. It supports Apple silicon GPU, Linux CPU, and NVIDIA CUDA on Linux. No GGUF conversion is required.

Installation

git clone https://github.com/XHToken/Spark-MLX-LLM.git
cd Spark-MLX-LLM

python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate

# Apple silicon
python -m pip install -e .
# Linux CPU
python -m pip install -e '.[cpu]'
# Linux with CUDA 12
python -m pip install -e '.[cuda12]' 
# Linux with CUDA 13
python -m pip install -e '.[cuda13]'

Run Inference

spark-mlx-generate \
  --device gpu \
  --dtype bfloat16 \
  --model XHToken/Spark-X2.5-1.7B \
  --prompt "What is the capital of Anhui Province?" \
  --max-tokens 512 \
  --temp 0

llama.cpp

[!NOTE] Native spark2_5 support requires llama.cpp b10828 or later.

Run the model in the CLI:

llama cli -m /path/to/Spark-X2.5-1.7B-GGUF

Launch the OpenAI-compatible API server:

llama serve -m /path/to/Spark-X2.5-1.7B-GGUF

Ollama

Download Ollama

[!NOTE] Native spark2_5 support requires Ollama v0.34.1 or later.

ollama run SparkLLM/Spark-X2.5-1.7B

LM Studio

Download LM Studio

[!NOTE] Native spark2_5 support requires runtime version 2.34.0 or later.

Unsloth

Download Unsloth Studio

[!NOTE] The latest Unsloth Studio supports native Spark-X2.5 GGUF inference.

Fine-Tuning

We recommend using Llama-Factory to fine-tune the model.

License

The Spark-X2.5 model series is licensed under the Apache 2.0 License.

Citation

If you find our work helpful, feel free to give us a cite.

@misc{sparkx2.5,
    title  = {Spark-X2.5 4B&1.7B: Pushing the Limits of Agentic Capabilities in On-Device Models},
    author = {SparkLLM Team},
    year   = {2026}
}