abalone-index

Abalone Index

Used for an Abalone RAG Demo.

@Article{FLEMING19965,
  title = {The development of artificial diets for abalone: A review and future directions},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5-53},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01184-6},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011846},
  author = {Ann E. Fleming and Robert J. {Van Barneveld} and Patrick W. Hone},
  keywords = {Aquaculture-molluscs, Artificial feeds and nutrition-molluscs, },
}

@Article{HARADA199699,
  title = {Studies on the feeding attractants for fishes and shellfishes. XXVI. Probable feeding attractants in allspice Pimenta officinalis for black abalone Haliotis discus},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {99-108},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01186-2},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011862},
  author = {Katsuhiko Harada and Taiko Miyasaki and Shigeyasu Kawashima and Haruyasu Shiota},
  keywords = {Abalone, Artificial feed, Attractants, Feed, Spices},
  abstract = {The attraction activity of allspice Pimenta officinalis was statistically estimated based on the exploratory and feeding behaviour of the black abalone Haliotis discus. The ether fraction (oils) from the water extract of allspice was the most attractive. The essential oil of allspice was separated into four fractions (phenolic, acidic, neutral and basic) by extraction using a mixture of pentane-dichloromethane (1:1, v/v). The neutral fraction was the most attractive. This fraction was further separated into eight fractions using Silicagel 60 (Merck) with a series of pentane-ether mixtures of various ratios. The fraction eluted with a pentane-ether solution at a ratio of 50:50 was the most attractive. A gas chromatogram of the eluate showed the presence of many diverse components. Each peak was identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the components identified, ten representative specimens were selected and examined for their attraction, ϱ-cymene, β-elemene and α-terpineol were effective attractants, while β-elemene was the most attractive. The attraction activity of β-elemene increased appreciably at higher concentrations. Other components that were weak or not effective attractants were β-caryophyllene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, linalool, linalool oxide, terpinen-4-ol and β,-γ-terpineol.},
}

@Article{OAKES1996187,
  title = {The abalone market: Opportunities for cultured abalone},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {187-195},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01189-7},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011897},
  author = {Frank R. Oakes and Roberto D. Ponte},
  keywords = {Abalone, Aquaculture, Market, Trade},
  abstract = {Cultured abalone are currently distributed in numerous international markets, and consequently the abalone aquaculture industry is rapidly becoming respected as a reliable year-round source of high-quality abalone products. Yet there is very little information available in the literature relating to the opportunities and market requirements for cultured abalone in the major world markets. The Abalone Farm, Inc. (AFI) has been marketing cultured abalone on a commercial basis since 1982 and is currently distributing cultured abalone products in the USA, Japan, Hong Kong, and Canada. AFI has effectively developed product concepts which are well suited to the advantages and limitations of intensive farming, while being carefully refined to fit specific high-margin market niches within these market areas. This paper details the product concepts and market niches that AFI has found to offer the greatest opportunity for long-term profitability, while providing the best opportunity for immediate acceptance of product from emerging abalone producers.},
}

@Article{OAKES1996139,
  title = {Infestation of Haliotis rufescens shells by a sabellid polychaete},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {139-143},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01190-0},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011900},
  author = {Frank R. Oakes and Raymond C. Fields},
  keywords = {Abalone, Infestations, Polychaete, Shell},
  abstract = {The shell of the California red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) can be host to a variety of organisms, including boring sponges, clams and polychaetes. These boring organisms usually do not seriously affect the growth of the abalone because they normally inhabit the outer portions of mature abalone shells. Abalone cultured in an aquaculture facility are marketed at a young age and seldom host many of these shell-dwelling organisms. Recently, however, some red abalone raised in aquaculture facilities in California have been found to be hosts to a sabellid polychaete. This polychaete infests the leading edge of the shell and can significantly interfere with the normal growth of the abalone. A cursory review of the literature does not reveal any previous cases of sabellids inhabiting the shells of abalone. This paper presents some of our observations and assumptions about this unique discovery.},
}

@Article{DUNSTAN1996115,
  title = {Effect of diet on the lipid composition of wild and cultured abalone},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {115-127},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01191-9},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011919},
  author = {Graeme A. Dunstan and Harriet J. Baillie and Stephanie M. Barrett and John K. Volkman},
  keywords = {Artificial diets, Fatty acids, Feeding and nutrition—molluscs, Haliotis, Sterols},
  abstract = {Foot-muscle tissue from wild-caught adults of the two main commercial species of Australian abalone, Haliotis laevigata and H. rubra, were analysed for fatty acid and sterol composition. Foot muscle tissue from juvenile H. laevigata and hybrid H. laevigata X H. rubra fed an artificial diet was compared with that of juvenile H. laevigata fed the green alga Ulva australis. The major fatty acids in all samples of muscle were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1(n-9), 18:1(n-7), 20:4(n-6), 20:5(n-3) and 22:5(n-3). The abundance of 22:5(n-3) is unusual as most marine animals have much more 22:6(n-3). The muscle of juvenile abalone fed an artificial diet high in total lipids and 18:2(n-6) contained elevated total lipid levels and elevated levels of 18:2(n-6) and 20:2(n-6). The muscle of abalone fed U. australis, which was high in C16 and C18(n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), contained elevated proportions of their chain-elongation products C20 and C22(n-3) PUFA, which is similar to wild-caught adult abalone. The major sterol in all samples of abalone muscle was cholesterol, irrespective of diet. The muscle of juvenile H. laevigata fed an artificial diet high in 24-methylcholest-5-enol and 24-ethylcholest-5-enol contained elevated proportions of these sterols compared with the muscle of juveniles fed U. australis and wild-caught adult abalone. Observed differences in fatty acid and sterol compositions were attributed to the accumulation of lipid in the foot muscle of abalone fed an artificial diet.},
}

@Article{KING1996109,
  title = {The composition and amino acid balance of abalone (Haliotis rubra) tissue},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {109-113},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01192-7},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011927},
  author = {Ray H. King and Carl J. Rayner and Maurice Kerr and Harry K. Gorfine and Paul E. McShane},
  keywords = {Abalone, Amino acids, Diet, Nutrition, Protein},
  abstract = {The amino acid composition was determined in the whole body of 23 specimens of abalone (Haliotis rubra) collected near Portland, Victoria. The mean (and s.d.) weight of the shell and whole body of abalone were 63.5 (70.2) g and 107.8 (102.7) g, respectively. The mean crude protein content of the whole body of abalone was 124 g kg−1 and was greater in heavier abalone. However, the proportion of individual amino acids relative to others remained relatively stable among all sizes of abalone. Comparison of the proportion of individual amino acids revealed that the levels of threonine, methionine and arginine relative to lysine were considerably greater in abalone than in tissue from terrestrial domestic animals.},
}

@Article{KNAUER199675,
  title = {Comparative growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of juvenile South African abalone, Haliotis midae, fed on diatoms and a practical diet},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {75-85},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01193-5},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011935},
  author = {Jens Knauer and Peter J. Britz and Thomas Hecht},
  keywords = {Abalone, Artificial diets, Diatoms, Digestion, Enzymes, Juveniles},
  abstract = {The growth performance of juvenile South African abalone, Haliotis midae (3.22–11.29 mm shell length), fed diatoms and a pelleted, practical diet was evaluated. The growth of the juveniles did not differ significantly in terms of the increase in shell length (diatoms, 50 ± 7 μm day−1; pellets, 59 ± 9 μm day−1) and weight (diatoms, 1.66 ± 0.24% daily growth rate; pellets, 1.91 ± 0.27% daily growth rate). Abalone fed the pellets consumed 5.55 ± 0.20% of their body weight per day, feed conversion ratio was 0.44 ± 0.04, protein efficiency ratio 6.64 ± 0.77, and percentage protein deposited 32.64 ± 3.72%. Protease activity was significantly higher, and amylase activity significantly lower, in juveniles fed pellets in comparison with diatoms. Similar, but very low, levels of lipase activity were observed in juveniles fed both the practical diet and diatoms. The results show that the digestive physiology of juvenile H. midae can readily adapt to artificial diets, and that these can successfully replace natural diets.},
}

@Article{JARAYABHAND1996159,
  title = {A review of the culture of tropical abalone with special reference to Thailand},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {159-168},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01194-3},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011943},
  author = {Padermsak Jarayabhand and Nittharatana Paphavasit},
  keywords = {Abalone, Culture, Thailand, Tropical},
  abstract = {Most species of abalone cultured throughout the world are either temperate or sub-tropical, and are relatively large compared with tropical species. However, markets for small or ‘cocktail size’ abalone are growing rapidly. Three species of tropical abalone are found in Thai waters: Haliotis asinina H. ovina and H. varia. At present, there is no commercial abalone culture in Thailand. This paper reviews the current research into the culture of tropical Thai abalone and both the advantages and disadvantages for cultivation. Although more research is needed, preliminary investigations indicate that the high growth rates and ease of spawning of Thai abalone offer excellent potential for cultivation.},
}

@Article{ZONGQING1996177,
  title = {Preliminary studies on increased survival and accelerated growth of overwintering juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {177-186},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01195-1},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011951},
  author = {Nie {Zong Qing} and Ji {Mei Fang} and Yan {Jing Ping}},
  keywords = {Abalone, Culture, Growth, Survival, System design, Temperature},
  abstract = {Factors concerning the survival and growth rates of juvenile Haliotis discus hannai in winter were investigated during the winter of 1984 and spring of 1985. The results indicated that the small size of juveniles and low water temperatures were important contributing factors to high mortality in northern sea areas of China. A shell length (SL) of 8–10 mm was the critical limit for survival. Most animals less than 8 mm died in winter whether they were held in indoor tanks at ambient temperature or in the sea. Minimal growth occurred during the 5-month period from December to April. Two recirculating systems using elevated temperature control were used to overwinter abalone, with good results. One system consisted of active carbon, coral debris and ultraviolet light (AC.CD.UV) and the other a biomembrane grown on plates of glass-fibre-reinforced plastic (GFRP). The survival rates in the two systems were similar and several times higher than previous reports. After 163 days, the survival rate in the AC.CD.UV system was 66% for 7.1 mm SL (4.0–9.5 mm) juveniles. After 165 days, the survival rate in the GFRP system was 63.4% for 7.3 mm SL (5.0–10.5 mm) juveniles. The daily growth rate was higher in the AC.CD.UV system: 102 μm day−1 for the entire period and 137 μm day−1 during the last 60 days. Thus, at the end of the experiment the abalone were 23.1 mm SL, the biological mass was 16.8 kg m−3 and the density was 3300 individuals m−2. The growth rate in the GFRP system was 54 μm day−1, producing juveniles of 13.2 mm SL.},
}

@Article{BRITZ199663,
  title = {The suitability of selected protein sources for inclusion in formulated diets for the South African abalone, Haliotis midae},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {63-73},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01197-8},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011978},
  author = {Peter J. Britz},
  keywords = {Abalone, Algae, Diets, Growth, Haliotis midae, Proteins},
  abstract = {Five protein-rich ingredients, casein, fishmeal, soya oil cake, Spirulina spp. and torula yeast, were fed to Haliotis midae in semi-purified diets to evaluate their suitability as practical feed ingredients in abalone diets. All diets contained 30% protein and 5% fat, except for the Spirulina spp.-based diet which contained 19% protein. Two algal diets, fresh Plocamium corallorhiza and dried Ecklonia maxima were fed as controls. Abalone fed on fishmeal and Spirulina spp.-based diets displayed significantly higher growth rates than those fed on diets containing soya oil cake, torula yeast, casein and E. maxima. Growth rates of abalone fed P. corallorhiza were significantly lower than those on any other diets. The feed conversion ratios of the formulated diets ranged from 0.7 for the casein-based diet to 1.0 for the torula yeast-based diet. These values were lower than those obtained for the abalone fed the seaweed control diets. Protein efficiency ratios of abalone fed the formulated diets ranged from 3.3 for the torula yeast-based diet to 6.5 for the Spirulina spp.-based diet. These values were higher than those obtained from abalone fed the seaweed control diets. It was concluded that fishmeal and Spirulina spp. algae are the most suitable proteins for inclusion in practical diets for H. midae.},
}

@Article{BRITZ199655,
  title = {Effect of dietary protein level on growth performance of South African abalone, Haliotis midae, fed fishmeal-based semi-purified diets},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {55-61},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01198-6},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011986},
  author = {Peter J. Britz},
  keywords = {Abalone, Diet, Fishmeal, Growth, Haliotis midae, Protein},
  abstract = {Starch-bound, semi-purified diets, using fishmeal as a protein source, were formulated to contain 27, 32, 37, 42 and 47% protein and fed to juvenile Haliotis midae. Weight gain was positively related to the level of dietary protein, increasing by 18% between 27% and 47% protein. Protein efficiency ratio was negatively related, declining from 3.2 to 2.3. Feed consumption rate was approximately 1 % of body weight per day for all diets. However, accurate definition of an optimal level of protein in formulated diets for abalone will only be possible once optimum dietary energy/protein ratios have been determined.},
}

@Article{AVILES1996169,
  title = {Growth and survival of the blue abalone Haliotis fulgens in barrels at Cedros Island, Baja California, with a review of abalone barrel culture},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {169-176},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01199-4},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848695011994},
  author = {Jose Guadalupe Gonzalez Aviles and Scoresby A. Shepherd},
  keywords = {Abalone, Barrels, Cages, Culture},
  abstract = {The growth and survival of the blue abalone Haliotis fulgens was followed for 11 months in barrel culture in the sea at Cedros Island, Baja California. The mean growth rate was 49.4 μm day−1 for individuals whose initial mean lengths were 12–15 mm at the ages of 6–7.6 months. The abalone were fed Macrocystis pyrifera and Eisenia arborea and other algae as available. Mean survival was 87%. Growth rates are compared with those in barrel culture elsewhere in the world.},
}

@Article{TAYLOR1996153,
  title = {Effect of recombinant vertebrate growth hormones on growth of adult abalone, Haliotis kamtschatkana},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {140},
  number = {1},
  pages = {153-158},
  year = {1996},
  note = {Abalone Culture},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(96)80444-3},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0044848696804443},
  author = {Barbara E. Taylor and Deborah A. Donovan and Ewen McLean and Edward M. Donaldson and Thomas H. Carefoot},
  keywords = {Abalone, Growth, Growth hormones, },
  abstract = {Enhancement of cultivar growth through hormone treatment is of interest in aquaculture research owing to its potential for increasing production. In this study, injection of exogenous growth hormones was investigated as a means of enhancing growth in adult abalone, Haliotis kamtschatkana. Fifty individually caged abalone were held in a common aquarium tank with a constant flow of fresh ambient seawater and fed ad libitum on kelp (Nereocystis leutkeana). The abalone were divided into five groups of ten animals each. Every group had a similar mean weight (78 g) and length (7 cm). Four groups received weekly intramuscular injections (5 μg g−1 body weight) of either (1) recombinant bovine growth hormone, (2) recombinant porcine growth hormone, (3) somatostatin, or (4) bovine serum albumin. The fifth group served as an uninjected control. The abalone were weighed biweekly throughout the 10 week experiment. Water content and gonad index were assessed for each group at the end of the experimental period. There were no significant differences in weight gain, water content, or gonad index among the five groups.},
}

@InCollection{COOK2023347,
  title = {Chapter 11 - Abalone aquaculture},
  editor = {Peter A. Cook and Sandra E. Shumway},
  series = {Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {347-361},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {Abalone: Biology, Ecology, Aquaculture and Fisheries},
  issn = {0167-9309},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814938-6.00011-7},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128149386000117},
  author = {Peter A. Cook},
  keywords = {Fertilization, Broodstock, Spawning, Larval development, Settlement, Feeding},
  abstract = {Abalone farming occurs in many countries throughout the world, with the largest production being in China, South Korea, South Africa, Chile, and Australia. There is no single, universally acceptable, method to culture abalone, the method of choice depending on factors such as local sea conditions, availability of land or in-sea lease areas, labor and energy costs, and local environmental regulations. The farming process occurs in several distinct phases including broodstock collection and conditioning; induction of synchronous spawning; fertilization; larval culture and settlement; postlarval growth to the juvenile stage; and growth to market size. These phases are described with reference to the various ways in which they operate for different species, and in different countries. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods are discussed. The future viability of abalone farms will depend, to a large extent, on the relative costs of production in each country.},
}

@Misc{marinebio_abintro,
  author = {MarineBio{\nobreakspace}? MarineLife and {ceanography}},
  title = {Abalone – MarineBio: A Global Information System for Marine Life},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/06future/abintro.htm}},
  note = {Accessed: 2025-12-07},
  year = {n.d.},
}

@Misc{noaa_white_abalone,
  author = {{NOAA Fisheries}},
  title = {White Abalone — NOAA Fisheries},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/white-abalone}},
  note = {Accessed: 2025-12-07},
  year = {n.d.},
}

@Article{https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00280.x,
  author = {Katsuyuki Hamasaki and Shuichi Kitada},
  title = {The enhancement of abalone stocks: lessons from Japanese case studies},
  journal = {Fish and Fisheries},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {243-260},
  keywords = {Carrying capacity, density-dependent mortality, Haliotis spp., release},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00280.x},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00280.x},
  eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00280.x},
  abstract = {Abstract The dramatic declines in abalone Haliotis spp. fishery production have been documented all over the world. Release of hatchery-reared juveniles into natural habitats has been considered as one measure to sustain and/or augment the current fishery production of abalone, as well as to restore collapsed abalone stocks. However, attempts at abalone release programmes have only been undertaken at experimental scales, except for Japan, where large-scale stock enhancement programmes for abalone have been undertaken since late 1960s. To evaluate the potential of stock enhancement for abalone, we analysed the release surveys of 13 case studies in Japan in terms of the overall recapture rate (number of recaptures through a lifetime/number of juveniles released), yield per release (YPR, yields from released individuals), the economic efficiency of releases (ratio of income from recaptured abalone to release cost) for each release year, and the contribution of hatchery releases to total catches for each fishing year. The average estimates for overall recapture rates (0.014–0.238) and YPR (3.1–60.3 g/individual) varied between locations and release years. The economic efficiency was estimated at 0.4–6.2. The released abalone contributed 6.9–83.5\% to total catches. Hatchery releases could augment total production at some locations, but the success of release programmes would be limited by the carrying capacity at release areas, because density-dependent mortality occurred following releases in some cases. Throughout Japan, the annual catch of abalone has continuously declined from ∼6500 t in 1970 to ∼2000 t in the mid-1990s, despite the increase in the number of hatchery releases. Based on the estimates for YPR, the magnitude of the abalone releases on a national scale has not been sufficiently large to sustain the total production of Japanese abalone, which has primarily fluctuated according to the abundances of wild populations. Our results suggest that releases should be targeted at local populations in regions where stock enhancement is predicted to have the greatest chance of success, and the magnitude of releases should be considered carefully and determined for each region by taking the local carrying capacity into account. We also address the future prospects of abalone stock enhancement.},
  year = {2008},
}

@Article{TROELL2006266,
  title = {Abalone farming in South Africa: An overview with perspectives on kelp resources, abalone feed, potential for on-farm seaweed production and socio-economic importance},
  journal = {Aquaculture},
  volume = {257},
  number = {1},
  pages = {266-281},
  year = {2006},
  issn = {0044-8486},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.02.066},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848606001906},
  author = {M. Troell and D. Robertson-Andersson and R.J. Anderson and J.J. Bolton and G. Maneveldt and C. Halling and T. Probyn},
  keywords = {Abalone, Kelp, , Integrated aquaculture, , },
  abstract = {The South African abalone cultivation industry has developed rapidly and is now the largest producer outside Asia. With a rapid decline in wild abalone fisheries, farming now dominates the abalone export market in South Africa. Kelp (Ecklonia maxima) constitutes the major feed for farmed abalone in South Africa, but this resource is now approaching limits of sustainable harvesting in kelp Concession Areas where abalone farms are concentrated. This paper gives an overview of the development of the South African abalone industry and analyses how abalone farming, natural kelp beds and seaweed harvesting are interlinked. It discusses options and constraints for expanding the abalone industry, focussing especially on abalone feed development to meet this growing demand. Kelp will continue to play an important role as feed and kelp areas previously not utilised may become cost-effective to harvest. There are many benefits from on-farm seaweed production and it will probably be a part of future expansion of the abalone industry. Abalone waste discharges are not at present regarded as a major concern and farming brings important employment opportunities to lower income groups in remote coastal communities and has positive spillover effects on the seaweed industry and abalone processing industry.},
}

@Article{Cook02012025,
  author = {Peter A. Cook},
  title = {Worldwide abalone production: an update},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research},
  volume = {59},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4--10},
  year = {2025},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  doi = {10.1080/00288330.2023.2261869},
  url = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2023.2261869
    
    
},
  eprint = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2023.2261869
    
    
},
}

@Online{tokyofoundation_abalone_2009,
  author = {{Tokyo Foundation}},
  title = {Abalone},
  url = {https://www.tokyofoundation.org/research/detail.php?id=250},
  urldate = {2025-12-07},
  year = {2009},
  date = {2009-05-12},
}