BriLLM0.5

BriLLM: Brain-inspired Large Language Model

We release BriLLM-Chinese and BriLLM-English.

Our paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.11299

Our Github: https://github.com/brillm05/BriLLM0.5

Our huggingface: https://huggingface.co/BriLLM/BriLLM0.5

Overview

BriLLM redefines the foundations of generative language modeling by departing from Transformer architectures, GPT frameworks, and traditional input-output constrained paradigms. Built on the Signal Fully-connected flowing (SiFu) mechanism—a directed graph-based neural network design—BriLLM enables full interpretability across all nodes, in contrast to conventional models limited to input-output interpretability.

In this framework, tokens are represented as graph nodes, with signal flows—either randomly initialized or user-defined—propagating along paths following a "least resistance" principle. The next token to be generated emerges as the target of this signal flow. Theoretically, BriLLM supports infinitely long n-gram modeling, with model size decoupled from input and prediction length. Its signal propagation dynamics mimic human-like cognitive patterns, enabling recall activation and inherent multi-modal compatibility.

SiFu Mechanism

The SiFu (Signal Fully-connected Flowing) mechanism addresses fundamental limitations of current machine learning frameworks. Unlike traditional models that process discrete input streams through opaque computations, SiFu operates on a fully connected directed graph where:

• Each node represents an interpretable unit (token, concept, etc.)
• Signal tensors propagate through the graph following energy dynamics
• The next token is determined by maximizing signal energy
• All nodes can serve as both input and output interfaces

Signal propagation follows the principle: $v_i = \arg\max_{v'} \left| r \oplus v_1 \otimes e_{12} \oplus v_2 \ldots \oplus v' \right|$

where $\oplus$ and $\otimes$ denote tensor operations for node and edge interactions, and $|\cdot|$ represents signal energy.

Overall, SiFu's design as a directed fully connected graph with signal propagation confers two key advantages:

1. Inherent full interpretability: User-defined entities (concepts, tokens, or interpretable units) map directly to specific graph nodes;
2. Unbounded contextual capacity: Prediction is framed as signal propagation through node activations. Because signals propagate freely across nodes, sequence prediction naturally supports arbitrarily long contexts without increasing model size.

Architecture

BriLLM implements the SiFu mechanism where each vocabulary token corresponds to a node defined by a GeLU-activated neuron layer with bias $b \in \mathbb{R}^{d_{node}}$. Edges between nodes are modeled as fully connected matrices $W_{u,v} \in \mathbb{R}^{d_{node} \times d_{node}}$, enabling bidirectional signaling.

Signal propagation begins with initial tensor $e_0 = [1, 1, \ldots, 1]^T \in \mathbb{R}^{d_{node}}$ and follows:

$e_{i+1} = \text{GeLU}(W_{u_i,u_{i+1}} e_i + b_{u_i,u_{i+1}} + PE_i)$

The final prediction maximizes the L2 norm: $v_{predict} = \arg\max_v |E_{u,v}|_2$

Training Network

Training BriLLM involves constructing a dedicated neural network for each sequence sample. The network connects input nodes sequentially, with all potential paths integrated into a final softmax layer that identifies the correct path via cross-entropy loss optimization.

Implementation Details

BriLLM is implemented using PyTorch. It uses sinusoidal positional encoding, GeLU as the activation function, cross-entropy loss for next-token prediction, and an embedding size of $d_{model} = 32$. We used the AdamW optimizer with $\beta_1 = 0.9$, $\beta_2 = 0.999$ and $\epsilon = 10^{-8}$. The model size is about $512 + 4000 * 4000 * (32 * 32 + 32) \approx 16B$. We trained our models on one machine with 8 NVIDIA A800 GPUs for 1.5k steps.

BriLLM leverages sparse token co-occurrence: most bigrams are low-frequency or absent, allowing shared parameters for inactive edges. Low-frequency bigrams use a fixed, non-updated matrix, reducing model size to 2B (Chinese) and 1B (English)—13.0% and 5.7% of the original size, respectively. This reduces parameters by ~90% while accelerating training.

Case Study

Chinese Examples

English Examples

Comparison: Traditional LLMs vs BriLLM

Installation

pip install torch

Model Checkpoints

BriLLM0.5

Training

BriLLM-Chinese

bash run_zh.sh

BriLLM-English

bash run_en.sh

Inference

BriLLM-Chinese

import json
import torch
from model import BraLM, Vocab

with open("vocab_wiki_4k.json") as f:
     node_dict = json.load(f)
vocab = Vocab.from_node_dict(node_dict)

with open('word_frequency.json', 'r') as f:
    freq_dict = json.load(f)

zero_freq_edges = {}
for s in freq_dict:
    zero_freq_edges[s] = []
    for t in freq_dict[s]:
        if freq_dict[s][t] == 0:
            zero_freq_edges[s].append(t)

model = BraLM(hidden_size=32, zero_freq_edges=zero_freq_edges, vocab=vocab)
model.prepare_network(vocab)

state_dict = torch.load("model_zh.bin", weights_only=True)
model.load_state_dict(state_dict)
model.to_device("cuda:6")

head = "《罗马》描述了"
max_token = 32 - len(head)

start = [vocab((head[i]+ '->' +head[i+1])) for i in range(len(head)-1)]
ret = model.decode(start, vocab, max_token)
decode_tuple_list = [vocab.decode(p) for p in ret]
decode_sentence = decode_tuple_list[0][0] + "".join([p[-1] for p in decode_tuple_list])

print(decode_sentence)

BriLLM-English

import json
import torch
from model import BraLM, Vocab
from tokenizers import Tokenizer

bpe_tokenizer = Tokenizer.from_file("wiki_bpe_tokenizer_4000_bytelevel.json")

def decode_en_sentence(head, max_token=32, do_sample=False):
    bpe_tokens = bpe_tokenizer.encode(head).tokens
    if len(bpe_tokens) < 2:
        return head
    start = [vocab((bpe_tokens[i] + '->' + bpe_tokens[i+1])) for i in range(len(bpe_tokens)-1)]
    ret = model.decode(start, vocab, max_token, do_sample)
    decode_tuple_list = [vocab.decode(p).split('->') for p in ret]
    decode_sentence = decode_tuple_list[0][0] + "".join([p[-1] for p in decode_tuple_list])
    return decode_sentence

with open("./vocab_wiki_4k_en.json") as f:
     node_dict = json.load(f)
vocab = Vocab.from_node_dict(node_dict)

model = BraLM(hidden_size=32)
model.prepare_network(vocab)

state_dict = torch.load("model_en.bin", weights_only=True)
model.load_state_dict(state_dict)
model.to_device("cuda:6")

head = "In frogs, the hind legs are larger"
encoding = bpe_tokenizer.encode(head)
token_len = len(encoding.ids)
max_token = 32 - token_len
decode_sentence = decode_en_sentence(head, max_token).replace("Ġ", " ")

print(decode_sentence)